Repoductive Systems & Breeding Plans - "Biological Foundations of Plant Breeding"
- Thread starter Aardwolf
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Tom i know this guy is irritating you, but its not necessary to resort to name calling and bullying. I have much respect for you, your lines, and your efforts of preservation. But by the way you are responding to this person who is by now getting a kick from your raging, it is losing you respect from myself and probably others. all that is needed is your experienced opinion on the topics. im sick of reading pages of online brawls. i can go to a bar if i want to see some people getting punched up.
Aardwolf
Member
Heterogeneous plants differ from Heterozygous at many Loci, Heterozygous is used to denote a plant that expresses a particular inherited genetic code.
Heterogeneous plants differ from Heterozygous because the expression is linked to multiple genes acting together to produce the overall Genotype's phenotype, breeding these individuals is a different and trickier task.
Without understanding the ploidy we would not know where we were or know if we were breeding with or for a heterozygous or heterogeneous trait or if it was homozygous.
With respect to particular traits or conditions, an individual plant who has inherited two different alleles, usually one normal or (Dominant) and the other abnormal (Recessive) at a particular locus is termed heterozygous.
Heterozygous thus refers to having inherited different forms of a particular gene from each parent.
The heterozygous genotype stands in contrast to the homozygous genotype, where an individual inherits identical forms of a particular gene from each parent.
Genetic heterogeneity
A single disorder, trait, or pattern of traits caused by genetic factors in some cases and non-genetic factors in others.
Allelic heterogeneity
The production of identical or similar phenotypes by different genetic mechanisms. A single disorder, trait, or pattern of traits caused by different mutations within a gene!!
Locus heterogeneity
A single disorder, trait, or pattern of traits caused by mutations in genes at different chromosomal loci.
Heterogeneous plants differ from Heterozygous because the expression is linked to multiple genes acting together to produce the overall Genotype's phenotype, breeding these individuals is a different and trickier task.
Without understanding the ploidy we would not know where we were or know if we were breeding with or for a heterozygous or heterogeneous trait or if it was homozygous.
With respect to particular traits or conditions, an individual plant who has inherited two different alleles, usually one normal or (Dominant) and the other abnormal (Recessive) at a particular locus is termed heterozygous.
Heterozygous thus refers to having inherited different forms of a particular gene from each parent.
The heterozygous genotype stands in contrast to the homozygous genotype, where an individual inherits identical forms of a particular gene from each parent.
Genetic heterogeneity
A single disorder, trait, or pattern of traits caused by genetic factors in some cases and non-genetic factors in others.
Allelic heterogeneity
The production of identical or similar phenotypes by different genetic mechanisms. A single disorder, trait, or pattern of traits caused by different mutations within a gene!!
Locus heterogeneity
A single disorder, trait, or pattern of traits caused by mutations in genes at different chromosomal loci.
Aardwolf
Member
Variation and classification
Continuous variation occurs when the phenotypes of traits controlled by a single gene cannot be sorted into two distinct phenotypic classes, but rather they fall into a series of overlapping classes.
With continuous variation there is a complete range of measurements from one extreme to the other.
Continuous variation is the combined effect of many genes (known as polygenic inheritance) it is often significantly affected by environmental influences.
Continuous variation - Plant height is an example of continuous variation. Height ranges from that of the shortest in the world to that of the tallest. Any height is possible between these values. So it is continuous variation.
For any species a characteristic that changes gradually over a range of values shows continuous variation.
Examples of such characteristics are:
Plant Height
Circumference
Internode length
Discontinuous Variation - The heterogeneous state is an example of discontinuous variation.
Discontinuous Variation occurs when the phenotypes of traits is controlled by alleles of a single gene or a small number of genes.
The environment has little effect on this type of variation.
This single gene sequence can be sorted into two distinct phenotypic classes.
There are no other possibilities and there are no values in between.
This is where the individuals fall into a number of distinct classes or categories, and is based on features that cannot be measured across a complete range. You either have the characteristic or you don't.
A characteristic of any species with only a limited number of possible values shows discontinuous variation.
Here are some examples:
Gender (male or female)
Genotype
Pistil colour.
Some variation within a species is inherited, and some variation is due to the environment.
Variation in a characteristic that is a result of genetic inheritance from the parents is called Inherited variation.
Here are some examples of inherited variation in cannabis:
Pistil colour
Calyx colour/size
Phyllotaxy
Flowering percentage
Variation caused by the surroundings is called Environmental variation.
Here is an example of particular plant features which often displays Environmental variation:
Flower colour in hydrangeas - these plants produce blue flowers in acidic soil and pink flowers in alkaline soil.
Natural selection
Within a population of animals, plants or any living organisms, there will be inherited variations. Within each species the individuals with the variations best suited to the environment will survive better than the others. More of them will survive to reproduce than the others. When they do, they pass on the genetic information for these variations to their offspring.
Species gradually evolve in this way. This process is called natural selection.
Over time a population can change so much it may even become a new species, unable to reproduce successfully with individuals of the original species.
Artificial selection
Artificial selection is when people use selective breeding to produce new varieties of a species. A variety is a type of a particular species that is different and consistently distinguishable in some form from other varieties of that species.
These Artificial or Synthetic lines are usually denoted as a subspecies or subvar, other terminology exists for infraspecific taxon.
This identification specifies a 'three part name' for infraspecific taxa, plus a 'connecting term' to indicate the rank of the name. It is customary to italicize all three parts of such a name, but not the connecting term.
Organisms that belong to different subspecies of the same species are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring, but they often do not interbreed in nature due to isolation or other factors. The differences between subspecies are usually less distinct than the differences between species. The characteristics attributed to subspecies generally have evolved as a result of geographical distribution or isolation.
A subspecies cannot be recognized in isolation:
A species will either be recognized as having no subspecies at all or two or more (including any that are extinct), never just one.
Continuous variation occurs when the phenotypes of traits controlled by a single gene cannot be sorted into two distinct phenotypic classes, but rather they fall into a series of overlapping classes.
With continuous variation there is a complete range of measurements from one extreme to the other.
Continuous variation is the combined effect of many genes (known as polygenic inheritance) it is often significantly affected by environmental influences.
Continuous variation - Plant height is an example of continuous variation. Height ranges from that of the shortest in the world to that of the tallest. Any height is possible between these values. So it is continuous variation.
For any species a characteristic that changes gradually over a range of values shows continuous variation.
Examples of such characteristics are:
Plant Height
Circumference
Internode length
Discontinuous Variation - The heterogeneous state is an example of discontinuous variation.
Discontinuous Variation occurs when the phenotypes of traits is controlled by alleles of a single gene or a small number of genes.
The environment has little effect on this type of variation.
This single gene sequence can be sorted into two distinct phenotypic classes.
There are no other possibilities and there are no values in between.
This is where the individuals fall into a number of distinct classes or categories, and is based on features that cannot be measured across a complete range. You either have the characteristic or you don't.
A characteristic of any species with only a limited number of possible values shows discontinuous variation.
Here are some examples:
Gender (male or female)
Genotype
Pistil colour.
Some variation within a species is inherited, and some variation is due to the environment.
Variation in a characteristic that is a result of genetic inheritance from the parents is called Inherited variation.
Here are some examples of inherited variation in cannabis:
Pistil colour
Calyx colour/size
Phyllotaxy
Flowering percentage
Variation caused by the surroundings is called Environmental variation.
Here is an example of particular plant features which often displays Environmental variation:
Flower colour in hydrangeas - these plants produce blue flowers in acidic soil and pink flowers in alkaline soil.
Natural selection
Within a population of animals, plants or any living organisms, there will be inherited variations. Within each species the individuals with the variations best suited to the environment will survive better than the others. More of them will survive to reproduce than the others. When they do, they pass on the genetic information for these variations to their offspring.
Species gradually evolve in this way. This process is called natural selection.
Over time a population can change so much it may even become a new species, unable to reproduce successfully with individuals of the original species.
Artificial selection
Artificial selection is when people use selective breeding to produce new varieties of a species. A variety is a type of a particular species that is different and consistently distinguishable in some form from other varieties of that species.
These Artificial or Synthetic lines are usually denoted as a subspecies or subvar, other terminology exists for infraspecific taxon.
This identification specifies a 'three part name' for infraspecific taxa, plus a 'connecting term' to indicate the rank of the name. It is customary to italicize all three parts of such a name, but not the connecting term.
Organisms that belong to different subspecies of the same species are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring, but they often do not interbreed in nature due to isolation or other factors. The differences between subspecies are usually less distinct than the differences between species. The characteristics attributed to subspecies generally have evolved as a result of geographical distribution or isolation.
A subspecies cannot be recognized in isolation:
A species will either be recognized as having no subspecies at all or two or more (including any that are extinct), never just one.
Aardwolf
Member
See that is where you are wrong Xmobotx, where did you learn that?
Definition: An allele is an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. These DNA codings determine distinct traits that can be passed on from parents to offspring. The process by which alleles are transmitted was discovered by Gregor Mendel and formulated in what is known as know as Mendal's law of segregation.
You need some school dude I suggest you go back a few years.
Aardwolf
Member
Homologue:
A variation of a gene found at the same locus on a different chromosome in the same individual.
A chromosome that is similar in physical attributes and genetic information to another chromosome with which it pairs during meiosis.
Homologous chromosomes are similar but not identical. Each carries the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same.
A member of a homologous chromosome.
In diploid individuals, on each homologous pair of chromosomes there will be total of two alleles present per locus. When considering one of these two alleles, the other allele, found on the homologue, can be described as a homologous allele.
In other words, homology is an indication of genetic relatedness, which unquestionably is the case for two alleles found at the same locus (those two alleles with certainty both descended from similar alleles). It is also extremely likely given sufficient similarity even if those two alleles are not found at the same locus or even in the same species.
To a degree the idea of homologous as applied to alleles has taken on a different though relating meaning. That is, one can view a homologous allele, as defined above, as two very similar and, indeed, potentially identical genes in terms of their sequence.
Similarly, two alleles may be described as homologous - The idea of homology or homologous character is they share appreciable sequence even if they do not make up two alleles that are found on homologous chromosomes.
A variation of a gene found at the same locus on a different chromosome in the same individual.
A chromosome that is similar in physical attributes and genetic information to another chromosome with which it pairs during meiosis.
Homologous chromosomes are similar but not identical. Each carries the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same.
A member of a homologous chromosome.
In diploid individuals, on each homologous pair of chromosomes there will be total of two alleles present per locus. When considering one of these two alleles, the other allele, found on the homologue, can be described as a homologous allele.
In other words, homology is an indication of genetic relatedness, which unquestionably is the case for two alleles found at the same locus (those two alleles with certainty both descended from similar alleles). It is also extremely likely given sufficient similarity even if those two alleles are not found at the same locus or even in the same species.
To a degree the idea of homologous as applied to alleles has taken on a different though relating meaning. That is, one can view a homologous allele, as defined above, as two very similar and, indeed, potentially identical genes in terms of their sequence.
Similarly, two alleles may be described as homologous - The idea of homology or homologous character is they share appreciable sequence even if they do not make up two alleles that are found on homologous chromosomes.
Thanks for the initiative Aardvark but googling and copy pasting is not very helpful. All you are doing is stiching together copy and paste crap from all over the internet.
http://www.biologyaspoetry.com/terms/homologous_allele.html
If you are going to plagiarize other peoples work at least cite it in references because you seem like you are trying to front off like you are writing all this yourself.
http://www.biologyaspoetry.com/terms/homologous_allele.html
If you are going to plagiarize other peoples work at least cite it in references because you seem like you are trying to front off like you are writing all this yourself.
CrazyKoala
Member
bad vibes
bad vibes
Bad vibes anyone?
People with knowledge need to have patience. And we're all sloppy at times with our terminology. Very easy to get literal and precise against someone's use of words to attack them, whether rhetorically (ad hominem) or otherwise, but we had better be perfectly precise and rigorous in our own prose and logic if we're not to be hypocrites.
I say all this bickering breeds division, which is not what the mj/mmj community needs.
bad vibes
Bad vibes anyone?
People with knowledge need to have patience. And we're all sloppy at times with our terminology. Very easy to get literal and precise against someone's use of words to attack them, whether rhetorically (ad hominem) or otherwise, but we had better be perfectly precise and rigorous in our own prose and logic if we're not to be hypocrites.
I say all this bickering breeds division, which is not what the mj/mmj community needs.
TomCalifornicus
New member
Or,,, it's exactly what the doctor ordered. You got a coin? Flip it. You wanna align yourself with these fools? Or shun them. Be honest now and try to come to the most appropriate action, maths wise, and be honest about it. Me, I think they are a fucking cancer, and need to be dealt with as such.
TomCalifornicus
New member
dictionary thread, lol. He is mostly quoting the same exact shit from a book that he previously had no user for because "he had better" lol, while he was soliciting feedback on a selection method that revolved around male phylotaxy for fux sake. Meanwhile, he has the nerve to tell folk to go back to school, I would hope that none of you are so idiotic as to buy into any of this guys jive. And make zero mistake, that is exactly what it is.
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