Haystack

[acespicoli]

Edited to not rks
TH was the inspiration for haystack title
@Tom Hill 5% not hay

Tom Hill Haze

Hi All, I've been asked a few times, so I will just say for the record - the Tom Hill seed was produced under Tom's direction in Spain - it's the same seed you have seen elsewhere on the market, it's just been in the scientific seed fridge since it arrived to me shortly after it was produced...

www.icmag.com

 

[troutman]

It's this an RKS thread?

 

[acespicoli]

this may soon be known as the cricket gathering....reserved for when you find that one in a million
anyone popping the landrace seeds know Glad you asked @troutman
Your right last thing we need is yet another RKS thread...

 

[acespicoli]

looking for that special one....

 

[acespicoli]

Seedlings with Trichomes

thanks for the update

www.icmag.com

thoughts ? Stalked on seedlings top and undersides, eventually a high resin producer ?
Some have it some do not.... does it mean anything ?

 

[acespicoli]

Results

Correlation analysis of morphological
traits with THC and CBD. Correlations of
THC and CBD with morphological traits are
plotted in Fig. 3.



The ratio of THC is
positively correlated with leaf width/length
ratio (0.77), width of central leaflet (0.55),
final height at the end of flowering stage
(0.54), inflorescence yield per plant (0.46),
leaf chlorophyll concentration (0.42), sick-
ness (Botrytis cinerea incidence) (0.41),
stem diameter at base at the end of the
flowering stage (0.33), and weight per in-
florescence (0.32) in decreasing correla-
tions.



The ratio of CBD is positively
correlated with the number of primary ser-
rations on the central leaflet (0.52), number
of leaflets (0.44), and length of central
leaflet averaged from each node (0.35).



The traits that were positively correlated
with THC were...

 

[acespicoli]

.... #9

How Do Triploid Cannabis Plants Occur?​

Triploid plants do occur naturally, but they are extremely rare. In order to create them, breeders need to first create tetraploid weed cultivars (we’ll discuss this process below). Once they secure tetraploid genetics, breeders then need to select suitable diploid specimens with desirable traits. Crossing a carefully selected tetraploid parent with a diploid parent will create triploid offspring.

 

[acespicoli]

 

[acespicoli]

There is only one report of a natural tetraploid of C. sativa, from India
(Sharma et al., 2015).


ok maybe some more


Somatic doubling is linked to mitotic processes (e.g., endoreduplication or endomitosis), which can take place within apical meristematic tissues or zygote cells, ultimately leading to the development of entirely polyploid organisms or mixoploid individuals

I have three reports from growers finding natural tetraploid in landrace seeds

• Classification of chimeras and genetic mosaics

30.11: Plant Development - Meristems

Plant meristematic tissues are cells that divide in order to give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing.

bio.libretexts.org

plant meristems, which are composed of a group of self-renewing stem cells

This research
demonstrates that polyploidy is a naturally occurring event in cannabis and triploids are present at
an average of approximately 0.5%, or 1 in 200 plants.

10% maybe less...

 

[acespicoli]

92 trichomes /mm2 (Destroyer CBG)


Best Way To Look At Trichomes Under the microscope, they appear like tiny hairs on the surface of the cannabis plant. Weed trichomes can be as small as 10 micrometers and as large as 500 micrometers. Because of their minuscule size its best to observed through a microscope that can magnify between 30 and 120 times.

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​

Measuring the size of Specimens viewed with a Microscope and adding Scale Bars to Photomicrographs

Fig. 1. Caddisfly Oxyethira sp (Hydroptilidae) plus case by polarized light microscopy with a retardation filter. The scale bar shows the fly and tube is about 2 mm long (2000 microns). A scale bar adds size information and professionalism to the photograph. Light microscopes can magnify...

moticmicroscopes.com

5.5. Measure

Using Guides

I have been trying to put together a simple image that will end up 190mm in width using the Guides. I need to place vertical guides 10mm , 25mm, 30mm, and the next 7 at 17mm. I have tried to create a

www.gimp-forum.net

 

[VerticalVerde]

There is only one report of a natural tetraploid of C. sativa, from India
(Sharma et al., 2015).


ok maybe some more


Somatic doubling is linked to mitotic processes (e.g., endoreduplication or endomitosis), which can take place within apical meristematic tissues or zygote cells, ultimately leading to the development of entirely polyploid organisms or mixoploid individuals
View attachment 18940670
I have three reports from growers finding natural tetraploid in landrace seeds

• Classification of chimeras and genetic mosaics

30.11: Plant Development - Meristems

Plant meristematic tissues are cells that divide in order to give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing.

bio.libretexts.org

plant meristems, which are composed of a group of self-renewing stem cells

This research
demonstrates that polyploidy is a naturally occurring event in cannabis and triploids are present at
an average of approximately 0.5%, or 1 in 200 plants.

10% maybe less...

Pretty sure I have a triploid of Super Skunk in preflower, lots of fasciation, and weirdness. Would you mind checking out my thread in the vert section (newest one)?

 

[acespicoli]

Pretty sure I have a triploid of Super Skunk in preflower, lots of fasciation, and weirdness. Would you mind checking out my thread in the vert section (newest one)?

I looked at some pictures they would need to be tested, nice looking plants.

Characteristics of the Diploid, Triploid, and Tetraploid Versions of a Cannabigerol-Dominant F1 Hybrid Industrial Hemp Cultivar, Cannabis sativa ‘Stem Cell CBG’

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has recently become an important crop due to the growing market demands for products containing cannabinoids. Unintended cross-pollination of C. sativa crops is one of the most important threats to cannabinoid production and has been shown to reduce cannabinoid yield...

www.mdpi.com

Protocol for Chromosome Squashing​

1. Obtain root tip sample
2. Grab tweezers and grab the root tip and place it on a microscope slide (make sure not to put the tip in the middle of the slide)
3. Immediately afterwards place one drop of 45% acetic acid on the root tip
4. Take a razor blade and as thinly as you can, cut the dark tip of the root into three very small slices
5. Put one drop of 45% acetic acid on the three small cuts
6. Using the razorblade slide the three cuts to the middle of the slide
7. Set the razor blade on the slide and put the cover slip on top of it so that the slip it not flat on the slide
8. While holding the cover slip tightly take a blunt ended object and tap the top of the cover slip several times until the root cuts almost dissipate
9. Take the razor blade out from under the slip and use a paper towel to dab the sides of the slide to soak the excess acetic acid
10. Flame the bottom of the slide twice under a Bunsen burner and immediately following flip the slide over and put as much force as you can down on the slide until you are satisfied (squashing).
11. Examine under microscope
12. When finished place slides at -20 C for storage

Protocol for Fluorescence Examination​

1. Take a slide out of the -20 C freezer and place in liquid Nitrogen until cooled
2. Take slide out of Nitrogen and remove the cover slip with a razor blade
3. Place the slide in 70% Ethanol for five minutes then followed by 90% Ethanol for 5 minutes then 100% ethanol for minutes
4. Drain the excess ethanol from the slide by putting the edge on a paper towel and letting the liquid drain
5. To analyze the slide, put 20 micro liters of Propidium Iodide (PI) on the sample and cover it with a 24x33mm cover slide
6. Analyze under fluorescence microscope

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You can get a good idea by leaf structure, trichromes, terpenes
Not to mention its a good percentage above the rest in all those
There some things I have been looking into and they need to be added to this thread
Ways to identify diploids, triploids, and tetraploids
Tom Hill was saying that his DC throws a hashplant extreme 1:100 so thats the needle ratio
I have a listing of some other strains and findings on triploid frequency it just takes time to put all this together

My thing is...
Once you find that plant pass some cuttings around!!! It would suck to lose it
Theres a few floating around

Mac 1 clone *breeders cut (verified triploid)​

You may be wondering if you breed this with what have you... what will the offspring be?

• Brands Capulator you may see him on IC hes more active on other non banning platforms

Naturally Occurring Triploidy in Cannabis - PubMed

Polyploidy is a significant evolutionary process in plants that involves the duplication of genomic content and has been recognized as a key mechanism driving plant diversification and adaptation. In natural populations, polyploids frequently arise from unreduced gametes, which subsequently fuse...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Due to sterility issues breeding tripods can be..... problematic
2.3% highest recorded natural percentage in the population
maybe 5% in a good thai haze hermi strain ?

everyone in such a hurry to curb mutants ...
There are three cytological mechanisms that cause ploidy increase: union of unreduced gametes, somatic chromosome doubling, and polyspermy (Grant, 1981).

 

[acespicoli]

While several instances of artificial polyploidization have been documented in cannabis [9,24,25,26], the occurrence of natural polyploidization in cannabis has been reported in only two studies to date looking at landrace populations [14,15]. However, unpublished data has also identified several elite, clone-only cultivars used for commercial production as triploids, without any indication that they were produced through artificial means (unpublished data). Together, these reports suggest that polyploidy is likely a naturally occurring, albeit rare, phenomenon in cannabis.

In this study, 10 out of 13 populations contained triploid individuals, while the other three were exclusively diploid.

However, it should be noted that the average rate of natural triploidy was around 0.5%, such that the absence of triploids in these three populations was likely a result of the population size and randomness rather than any biological factor. Presumably, if larger population sizes were used, triploids would likely have been identified in all 13 populations. Likewise, while no naturally occurring tetraploids were identified in this study, they have been reported in a landrace population, suggesting that they naturally occur [15], and the absence reported here is likely a product of population size.

Based on the data presented here, and assuming male and female gametes fail to reduce at a similar rate,

we would expect natural tetraploids to appear at a rate of approximately 0.0025%, or 1 in 40,000.

Sympatric speciation - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Somatic mutations arising in plants

can be inherited by naturally occurring mechanisms of sexual and asexual reproduction.

Long life span, large clone size, and the complete regeneration of buds each year may permit an indivdual plant or clone to evolve. Plants may even develop as mosaics of genetic variation.

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Reproduction​

All known strains of Cannabis are wind-pollinated[13] and the fruit is an achene.[14] Most strains of Cannabis are short day plants,[13] with the possible exception of C. sativa subsp. sativa var. spontanea (= C. ruderalis), which is commonly described as "auto-flowering" and may be day-neutral.

Cannabis is predominantly dioecious,[13][15] having imperfect flowers, with staminate "male" and pistillate "female" flowers occurring on separate plants.[16] "At a very early period the Chinese recognized the Cannabis plant as dioecious",[17] and the (c. 3rd century BCE) Erya dictionary defined xi 枲 "male Cannabis" and fu 莩 (or ju 苴) "female Cannabis".[18] Male flowers are normally borne on loose panicles, and female flowers are borne on racemes.[19]

Many monoecious varieties have also been described,[20] in which individual plants bear both male and female flowers.[21] (Although monoecious plants are often referred to as "hermaphrodites", true hermaphrodites – which are less common in Cannabis – bear staminate and pistillate structures together on individual flowers, whereas monoecious plants bear male and female flowers at different locations on the same plant.) Subdioecy (the occurrence of monoecious individuals and dioecious individuals within the same population) is widespread.[22][23][24] Many populations have been described as sexually labile.[25][26][27]

As a result of intensive selection in cultivation, Cannabis exhibits many sexual phenotypes that can be described in terms of the ratio of female to male flowers occurring in the individual, or typical in the cultivar.[28] Dioecious varieties are preferred for drug production, where the fruits (produced by female flowers) are used. Dioecious varieties are also preferred for textile fiber production, whereas monoecious varieties are preferred for pulp and paper production. It has been suggested that the presence of monoecy can be used to differentiate licit crops of monoecious hemp from illicit drug crops,[22] but sativa strains often produce monoecious individuals, which is possibly as a result of inbreeding.

Cannabis female flower with visible trichomes Male Cannabis flower buds

Sex determination​

See also: Cytogenetics § History
Cannabis has been described as having one of the most complicated mechanisms of sex determination among the dioecious plants.[28] Many models have been proposed to explain sex determination in Cannabis.

Based on studies of sex reversal in hemp, it was first reported by K. Hirata in 1924 that an XY sex-determination system is present.[26] At the time, the XY system was the only known system of sex determination. The X:A system was first described in Drosophila spp in 1925.[29] Soon thereafter, Schaffner disputed Hirata's interpretation,[30] and published results from his own studies of sex reversal in hemp, concluding that an X:A system was in use and that furthermore sex was strongly influenced by environmental conditions.[27]

Since then, many different types of sex determination systems have been discovered, particularly in plants.[15] Dioecy is relatively uncommon in the plant kingdom, and a very low percentage of dioecious plant species have been determined to use the XY system. In most cases where the XY system is found it is believed to have evolved recently and independently.[31]

Since the 1920s, a number of sex determination models have been proposed for Cannabis. Ainsworth describes sex determination in the genus as using "an X/autosome dosage type".[15]

The question of whether heteromorphic sex chromosomes are indeed present is most conveniently answered if such chromosomes were clearly visible in a karyotype. Cannabis was one of the first plant species to be karyotyped; however, this was in a period when karyotype preparation was primitive by modern standards. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes were reported to occur in staminate individuals of dioecious "Kentucky" hemp, but were not found in pistillate individuals of the same variety. Dioecious "Kentucky" hemp was assumed to use an XY mechanism. Heterosomes were not observed in analyzed individuals of monoecious "Kentucky" hemp, nor in an unidentified German cultivar. These varieties were assumed to have sex chromosome composition XX.[32] According to other researchers, no modern karyotype of Cannabis had been published as of 1996.[33] Proponents of the XY system state that Y chromosome is slightly larger than the X, but difficult to differentiate cytologically.[34]

More recently, Sakamoto and various co-authors[35][36] have used random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to isolate several genetic marker sequences that they name Male-Associated DNA in Cannabis (MADC), and which they interpret as indirect evidence of a male chromosome. Several other research groups have reported identification of male-associated markers using RAPD and amplified fragment length polymorphism.[37][25][38] Ainsworth commented on these findings, stating,

It is not surprising that male-associated markers are relatively abundant. In dioecious plants where sex chromosomes have not been identified, markers for maleness indicate either the presence of sex chromosomes which have not been distinguished by cytological methods or that the marker is tightly linked to a gene involved in sex determination.[15]

Environmental sex determination is known to occur in a variety of species.[39] Many researchers have suggested that sex in Cannabis is determined or strongly influenced by environmental factors.[27] Ainsworth reviews that treatment with auxin and ethylene have feminizing effects, and that treatment with cytokinins and gibberellins have masculinizing effects.[15] It has been reported that sex can be reversed in Cannabis using chemical treatment.[40] A polymerase chain reaction-based method for the detection of female-associated DNA polymorphisms by genotyping has been developed.[41]

• 
  
  
  A male hemp plant
  
• 
  
  
  Dense raceme of female flowers typical of drug-type varieties of Cannabis
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis

 

[acespicoli]

Cannabis is predominantly dioecious,[13][15] having imperfect flowers, with staminate "male" and pistillate "female" flowers occurring on separate plants.[16] "At a very early period the Chinese recognized the Cannabis plant as dioecious",[17] and the (c. 3rd century BCE) Erya dictionary defined xi 枲 "male Cannabis" and fu 莩 (or ju 苴) "female Cannabis".[18] Male flowers are normally borne on loose panicles, and female flowers are borne on racemes.[19]

Many monoecious varieties have also been described,[20] in which individual plants bear both male and female flowers.[21] (Although monoecious plants are often referred to as "hermaphrodites",

true hermaphrodites –
which are less common in Cannabis – bear staminate and pistillate structures together on individual flowers,

monoecious plants bear male and female flowers at different locations on the same plant.)

Subdioecy (the occurrence of monoecious individuals and dioecious individuals within the same population)
is widespread.[22][23][24] Many populations have been described as sexually labile.[25][26][27]

As a result of intensive selection in cultivation, Cannabis exhibits many sexual phenotypes that can be described in terms of the ratio of female to male flowers occurring in the individual, or typical in the cultivar.[28]

Dioecious varieties are preferred for drug production, where the fruits (produced by female flowers) are used. Dioecious varieties are also preferred for textile fiber production, whereas monoecious varieties are preferred for pulp and paper production.

It has been suggested that the presence of monoecy can be used to differentiate licit crops of monoecious hemp from illicit drug crops,[22]

but sativa strains often produce monoecious individuals, which is possibly as a result of inbreeding.

100% Sativa but is an inconsistent hybrid. 10% are spectacular,
75% good, 10% poor.

Truly superior sweet taste.

• Piff »»» 2004 Tom Hill

question for sam the skunkman on the original haze

sam s much respect to you and all your doings hope you hav a moment to enlighten me i understand the original haze from the 7os was your fav of all time.im wondering if the o.haze the flying dutchmen carry today is the same as the one you speak of. im a haze lover myself its some of...

www.icmag.com

cannabis markers of potency in strains often correlate with double and tri leaf serrations

 

[acespicoli]

Identification of the Y chromosome​

To identify the Y chromosome, 40 genomes were aligned to the paternal Pacific Biosciences reference assembly. Nine male genomes, 2 monoecious genomes and 29 female genome alignments highlight contigs that are covered exclusively in male plants while having half of the coverage over other contigs in female genomes. These contigs with double coverage in females are believed to be X contigs while contigs with zero coverage in females are labeled as Y contigs (Figure 1).

To confirm this, Iso-Seq mRNA reads expressed in male flowers were mapped to the female reference. The ‘female-unmapped’ male mRNA reads were then mapped to the male reference to find male-specific mRNA expression with no homology to the female reference. These male-specific mRNAs were then intersected with the male-specific contigs to identify 574 genes on the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome. Prentout et al. has reported a similar approach using Illumina based RNAseq with Type I cannabis plants but the data is not currently available (Prentout 2019). It is important to note that reads that do not map to the female reference can be either 1) the Y chromosome and or 2) a structural variation (SVs) in the female reference genome. To avoid interpreting genome-specific SVs as Y associated, we considered only CNVs that exist in all males and females for X and Y categorization.

Genes of interest on the Y chromosome include Enhanced Downey 2, FT Flowering Locus T, Flowering Time control protein FY, PIN2 (Auxin efflux carrier component 2), AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor CRL5, and Protein trichome birefringence-like 6.

These genes may play an important role in
sex determinization,
hermaphroditism,
trichome development and
day-neutral plant breeding
and suggest careful selection of male genetics when culling males from breeding and propagation programs.

 

[acespicoli]

In some studies, the differences between diploids and polyploids in response to temperature, drought, or salinity stress are attributed to differences in leaf anatomy and/or transpiration rate. For instance, autotetraploid birch (Betula platyphylla) seems better able to maintain water pressure under drought conditions, which is attributed to anatomical differences in leaves.

Polyploids occur at a higher frequency on margin areas as well as do herms

 

[acespicoli]

^^^
Small, E. Dwarf germplasm: the key to giant Cannabis hempseed and cannabinoid crops.
Genet Resour Crop Evol 65, 1071–1107 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-017-0597-y

I liked the version with the big seeds and large stalked glands. N.

 

[X15]

So much awesome info here. Thank you @acespicoli

 

[acespicoli]

​

Accumulation of somatic mutations leads to genetic mosaicism in cannabis ? Polymorphism or Pathogen ?​

Mosaic (genetics) - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

List of polymorphisms - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

In biology, polymorphism is the occurrence of two or more clearly different forms or phenotypes in a population of a species. Different types of polymorphism have been identified and are listed separately.

General​

Chromosomal polymorphism​

In 1973, M. J. D. White, then at the end of a long career investigating karyotypes, gave an interesting summary of the distribution of chromosome polymorphism.

"It is extremely difficult to get an adequate idea as to what fraction of the species of eukaryote organisms actually are polymorphic for structural rearrangements of the chromosomes. In Dipterous flies with polytene chromosomes... the figure is somewhere between 60 and 80 percent... In grasshoppers pericentric inversion polymorphism is shown by only a small number of species. But in this group polymorphism for super-numerary chromosomes and chromosome regions is very strongly developed in many species." "It is clear that the nature of natural populations is a very complicated subject, and it now appears probable that adaptation of the various genotypes to different ecological niches and frequency-dependent selection are at least as important, and probably more important in many cases, than simple heterosis

(in the sense of increased viability or fecundity of the heterozygote)".[1]

This suggests, once again,
that polymorphism is a common and important aspect of adaptive evolution in natural populations.

 

[acespicoli]

Northern Lights #2 leaf morphology @TM