Genetic Drift..Population genetics.. mutations..

Ok I think alot of people have questions about these topics and the threads and answers regularly get spread out about on threads. Would be nice if we could have one large discussion about population genetics, genetic drift, and genetic mutation.

Im no expert but quite interested have been reading a good deal and have a few questions about them and there effects on cannabis.

I know this is a common question but to avoid genetic drift what would most of you say is a stable breeding population? Is it possible to nail down traits (allele frequency) and not risk genetic drift?

How common is genetic mutation? DJs blue berry often tosses mutants is this from a genetic mutation or is it a trait?

Hopefully people with the knowledge about genetics, populations, and how they relate to cannabis will chime in here. I would love to understand this all better.

Thanks to anyone and everyone who may contribute.

(disclaimer:noob)

Mendelian Genetics or Classical Genetics- *pasted from wiki to save time
Mendelian genetics, or classical genetics, is a set of laws and statistical principles that allow us to understand the patterns we see in the inheritance of heritable characteristics. We should mention that not all of what we call "Mendelian" genetics was known to Mendel, but it is often described as "Mendelian" because it fits neatly into the framework that Mendel devised.
Although Mendel was, in some subtle respects, wrong, the classical understanding of genetics is a very good first approximation to the truth, useful for many purposes, and the further development of genetics was a refinement of Mendel's ideas, rather than a flat contradiction of it. Indeed, as tends to be the case in science, the chromosome theory of inheritence which succeeded Mendel's model allows us to understand why Mendelian genetics is nearly accurate nearly all of the time.

Allele
An allele is one of the possible variant forms of a gene.

Artificial selection
Artificial selection is the intelligent selection of breeding stock from a population, on the basis of heritable traits favored by the stockbreeder, with the effect of encouraging the spread of those traits through the breeding population.

Chromosome
An entire single piece of DNA. Eukaryotes tend to have several linear chromosomes; prokaryotes tend to have a single circular chromosome.

DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid: a polymer of nucleotides. The sequence of bases in DNA controls the production of functional RNA and messenger RNA, and so ultimately controls the synthesis of proteins and hence the workings of the cell.

Enzyme
An enzyme is an organic molecule that causes (strictly speaking, "catalyses") a chemical reaction. In the cell, the enzymes are either proteins or functional RNA (mostly proteins, but with functional RNA playing a crucial role in such basic cellular activities as translation and splicing).

Eukaryote
A eukaryote is an organism the cells of which have nuclei to contain their DNA, with transcription taking place inside the nucleus, and translation taking place outside. Amongst other things, plants, animals and fungi are eukaryotes. Non-eukaryotes are called prokaryotes.

Evolution
Evolution is the change in the gene pool of a population over time

Gene
A gene is a sequence of DNA coding for a single polypeptide.

Gene pool
A gene pool is all the genes of a population.

Genetics is the study of genes, and tries to explain what they are and how they work. Genes are how living organisms inherit features from their ancestors; for example, children usually look like their parents because they have inherited their parents' genes. Genetics tries to identify which features are inherited, and explain how these features are passed from generation to generation.

Genetic code
The genetic code is the code specifying the relationship between the sequence of codons in a strand of DNA (or the corresponding messenger RNA) and the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide produced when the messenger RNA is translated.

Genetic drift
Genetic drift is variation in the composition of a gene pool due to chance factors

Genome
A genome is the complete set of genes of an organism, or, by extension, a species.

Genotype
The genes controlling a set of traits in an organism, as distinct from the set of traits themselves, which are referred to as the phenotype.

Haploid
A cell is said to be haploid if it contains only one copy of each of its chromosomes, rather than having two homologous copies of each chromosome as in diploid cells.

Heterozygous
An organism is heterozygous for a particular gene when two different alleles occupy the gene's position (locus) on the homologous chromosomes. The cell or organism is called a heterozygote. Heterozygous genotypes are represented by a capital letter (representing the dominant allele) and a lowercase letter (representing the recessive allele), such as "Rr". The capital letter is usually written first.
If the trait in question is determined by simple (complete) dominance, a heterozygote will express only the trait coded by the dominant allele and the trait coded by the recessive allele will not be present. In more complex dominance schemes the results of heterozygosity can be more complex.

Heterozygote
A diploid organism which has two different alleles of the same gene is said to be heterozygous with respect to that gene.

Homozygous
A cell is said to be homozygous for a particular gene when identical alleles of the gene are present on both homologous chromosomes.

Mutation
A mutation is a change in genetic material due to copying errors or other forms of damage or botched repair to the DNA. Mutations come in various types such as single nucleotide substitution, insertion, deletion, inversion and translocation. Mutations can also be classified as germ-line mutations and somatic mutations, depending on whether or not they affect gametes.

Natural selection
Natural selection is the tendency for those genes producing phenotypes better adapted to the environment than other genes in the same population to spread through the gene pool of that population.

Neutral mutation
A neutral mutation is one that has neither a beneficial nor a harmful effect on the organism; its fate in the gene pool therefore depends only on genetic drift and not on natural selection.

Phenotype
A set of traits of an organism, as opposed to the set of genes that underlie those traits (the geneotype)

Polypeptide
A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptides.

Protein
One or more polypeptides attached together. Along with functional RNA , proteins are the enzymes that cause chemical activity in the cell.

Recessive
An allele is said to be recessive if the trait associated with it is only expressed if the organism is homozygous for that allele.

RNA
Ribonucleic acid is a polymer of ribonucleotides. RNA can either be functional, catalyzing reactions in the cell, or messenger RNA, which plays an intermediate role in the synthesis of proteins, being transcribed from DNA before being translated into a polypeptide.

Segregation
Mendel's law of segregation states that for diploid organisms having two different alleles of some gene, the chances of either of those alleles being the one that gets passed on in some particular gamete are 50:50.

Sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes are chromosomes the presence or absence of which determine the sex of an organism.

Trait
A trait is one of the possible variations in a character

True-breeding line
A true-breeding line, with respect to a certain trait, is a population such that however long you go on breeding it with itself, every member exhibits that trait: hence the population must be homozygous for the alleles determining that trait

Virus
A virus consists of a bit of DNA or RNA in protein packaging. The virus injects its genes into a cell, where the genes rely on the machinery of the host cell for replication, transcription, and translation, hijacking the cell machinery to manufacture more viruses.

X chromosome
One of two alternative sex chromosomes in species with an "XY" system of sex determination, in which the female has two X chromosomes and the male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.

Y chromosome
One of two alternative sex chromosomes in species with an "XY" system of sex determination, in which the female has two X chromosomes and the male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.

Zygote
A newly fertilized egg, produced by the fusion of two gametes: the single cell from which an organism develops.

extra placeholder for terms/definitions

just a suggestion, perhaps you can expand on the terms your definitions reference that are also genetics related such as polypeptide

i like the idea and the layout

any terms you guys would like added pls just suggest... thanks

GLOSSARY





Terms from Allard, “Principles of Plant Breeding”





Adaptation: The process by which individuals (or parts of individuals), populations, or species change form or function in such a way to better survive under given environmental
conditions. Also the result of this process.


Allele or Allelomorph: One of a pair or series of forms of a gene which are alternative in
inheritance because they are situated at the same locus in homologous
chromosomes.


Asynapsis: Failure of pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.


Autogamy: Self-fertilization.


Avirulent: Inability of a pathogen to produce a disease on its host.


Backcross: a cross of a hybrid to either of its parents. In genetics, a cross of a
heterozygote toa homozygous recessive. (See test cross)


Backcross Breeding: A system of breeding whereby recurrent backcrosses are made to one of the parents of a hybrid, accompanied by selection for a specific character or
characters.



Balance: The condition in which genetic components are adjusted in proportions that give
satisfactory development. Balance applies to individuals and populations.


Basic Number: The number of chromosomes in ancestral diploid ancestors of polyploids,
represented by x.


Biotype: A group of individuals with the same genotype. Biotypes may be homozygous or
heterozygous.


Bivalent: A pair of homologous chromosomes united in the first meiotic division.


Breeder Seed: Seed produced by the agency sponsoring a variety and used to produce
foundation seed.


Breeding: The art and science of changing plants or animals genetically.


Bulk Breeding: The growing of genetically diverse populations of self-pollinated crops in a bulk plot with or without mass selection, followed by single-plant selection.


Certified Seed: Seed used for commercial crop production produced from foundation,
registered, or certified seed under regulation of a legally constituted agency.


Centromere: (See kinetochore)


Character: An attribute of an organism resulting from the interaction of a gene or genes withthe environment.


Chiasma: An exchange of partners between paired chromatids in the first division of meiosis.


Chromatid: One of two threadlike structures formed by the longitudinal division of a chromosome during meiotic prophase and known as a daughter chromosome during anaphase.


Chromosomes: Structural units of the nucleus which carry the genes in linear order. Chromosomes undergo a typical cycle in which their morphology changes
drastically in various phases of the life cycle of the organisms.


Clone: A group of organisms descended by mitosis from a common ancestor.
Combining Ability: General, average performance of a strain in a series of crosses. Specific,
deviation from performance predicted on the basis of the general
combining ability.


Coupling: Linked recessive alleles occur in one homologous chromosome and their dominant
alternatives occur in the other chromosome. Opposed to repulsion in which one
dominant and one recessive occur in each member of the pair of homologous
chromosomes.


Crossing Over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase. Its genetic consequence is the
recombination of linked genes. Diallel Cross, Complete: The crossing in all possible combinations of a series of genotypes.


Dihybrid: Heterozygous with respect to two genes.


Dioecious: Plants in which staminate and pistillate flowers occur on different individuals.


Diploid: An organism with two chromosomes of each kind.


Diplotene: The stage of meiosis which follows pachytene and during which the four
chromatids of each bivalent move apart in two pairs but remain attached in the region of the chiasmata.


Disease: A departure from normal metabolism and a reduction of its normal potential for
growth and reproduction.


Disjunction: The separation of chromosomes at anaphase.


Dominance: Intra-allelic interaction such that one allele manifests itself more or less, when
heterozygous, than its alternative allele.


Donor Parent: The parent from which one or a few genes are transferred to the recurrent parent in backcross breeding.


Double Cross: A cross between two F1 hybrids.


Emasculation: Removal of the anthers from a flower.


Epistasis: Dominance of one gene over a non-allelic gene. The gene suppressed is said to be hypostatic. More generally, the term epistasis is used to describe all types of
interallelic interaction whereby manifestation at any locus is affected by genetic
phase at any or all loci.


Epiphytotic: An unarrested spread of a plant disease.


Expressivity: The degree of manifestation of a genetic character.


F1: The first generation of a cross.


F2: The second filial generation obtained by self-fertilization or crossing F1 individuals.


F3: Progeny obtained by self-fertilization of F2 individuals.


Factor: Same as gene.


Facultative: Parasites which can grow and live in environments other than living host tissue.


Family: A group of individuals directly related by descent from a common ancestor.


Fertility: Ability to produce viable offspring.


Fertilization: Fusion of the nuclei of male and female gametes.


Foundation Seed: Seed stock produced from breeder seed under the direct control of an
agricultural experiment station. Foundation seed is the source of certified
seed, either directly or through registered seed.


Gamete: Cell of meiotic origin specialized for fertilization.


Gene: The unit of inheritance. Genes are located at fixed loci in chromosomes and can
exist in a series of alternative forms called alleles.


Gene Frequency: The proportion in which alternative alleles of a gene occur in a population.


Gene Interaction: Modification of gene action by a non-allelic gene or genes.


Germplasm: The sum total of the hereditary materials in a species.


Genome: A set of chromosomes corresponding to the haploid set of a species.


Genotype: The entire genetic constitution of an organism.


Haploid: A cell or organism with the gametic chromosome number .


Heritability: The proportion of observed variability which is due to heredity, the remainder
being due to environmental causes. More strictly, the proportion of observed
variability due to the additive effects of genes.


Heterosis: Hybrid vigor such that an F1 hybrid falls outside the range of the parents with
respect to some character or characters. Usually applied to size, rate of growth, or
general thriftiness.


Heterozygous: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci (opposite of
homozygous). Homology of Chromosomes: Applied to whole chromosomes or parts of chromosomes which synapse or pair in meiotic prophase.


Host Resistance: The result of genetic manipulation of the host which renders it less susceptible to pathogens that would or do attack the host.


Hybrid: The product of a cross between genetically unlike parents.
I1, I2, I3... Symbols that are used to designate first, second, third, etc. inbred generations.


Inbred Line A line produced by continued inbreeding. In plant breeding, a nearly homozygous line usually originating by continued self-fertilization, accompanied by selection.


Inbreeding: The mating of individuals more closely related than individuals mating at random.


Independence: The relationship between variables when the variation of each is uninfluenced by that of others, that is, correlation of zero.


Isogenic Lines: Two or more lines differing from each other genetically at one locus only.
Distinguished from clones, homozygous lines, identical twins, etc. which are
identical at all loci.


Isolation: The separation of one group from another so that the mating between or among
groups is prevented.


Kinetochore: Spindle attachment. A localized region in each chromosome to which the “spindle fiber” appears to be attached and which seems to determine movement of the
chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.


Line Breeding: A system of breeding in which a number of genotypes, which have been
progeny tested in retrospect to some character or group of characters, are
composited to form a variety.


Linkage: Association of characters in inheritance due to location of genes in proximity on
the same chromosome.


Linkage Map: Map of position of genes in chromosomes determined by recombination
relationships.


Linkage Value: Recombination fraction expressing the proportion of crossovers versus parental types in a progeny. The recombination fraction can vary from zero to one half.


Locus: The position occupied by a gene in a chromosome.


M1, M2, M3... Symbols used to designate first, second, third, etc. generations after treatment with a mutagenic agent.


Male Sterility: Absence or non-function of pollen in plants.


Mass-Pedigree Method: A system of breeding in which a population is propagated in mass until conditions favorable for selection to occur, after which pedigree
selection is practiced.


Mass Selection: A form of a selection in which individual plants are selected and the next
generation is propagated from the aggregate of their seeds.


Mating System: Any number of schemes by which individuals are assorted in pairs leading to sexual reproduction.

Random; assortment of pairs is by chance. Genetic assortative mating; mating together of individuals more closely related than individuals mating at random.

Genetic disassortative mating; mating together of individuals less closely related than individuals mating at random.


Phenotypic assortative mating; mating individuals more alike in appearance
than the average.

Phenotypic disassortative mating; mating of individuals less
alike in appearance than individuals mating at random.


Meiosis: A double mitosis occurring in sexual reproduction which results in production of
gametes with haploid chromosome number.


Metaphase: The stage of meiosis or mitosis at which the chromosomes lie on the spindle.


Mitosis: The process by which the nucleus is divided into two daughter nuclei with
equivalent chromosome complements, usually accompanied by division of the cell
containing the nucleus.


Modifying Genes: Genes that affect the expression of a non-allelic gene or genes.


Monoecious: Staminate and pistillate flowers born separately on the same plant.


Mutation: A sudden heritable variation in a gene or in a chromosome structure.


Obligate: Parasite that cannot multiply in nature without a host.

Oliogenic Resistance: Resistance determined by one or few genes whose effects are readily detectable.


Outcross: A cross, usually natural, to a plant of different genotype.


Pachytene: The double-thread or four strand stage of meiosis.


Parasite: Lives in or on another organism and obtains nutrients from it.


Parthenogenesis: Development of an organism from a sex cell in respect to some characteristic.


Parameter: A numerical quantity which specifies a population in respect to some
characteristic.


Pathogen: A parasite which produces disease in its host.


Pedigree: A record of the ancestry of an individual, family, or strain.


Pedigree Breeding: A system of breeding in which individual plants are selected in the
segregating generations from a cross on the basis of their desirability judged
individually and on the basis of a pedigree record.


Penetrance: The frequency with which a gene produces a recognizable effect in the individuals which carry it.


Phenotype: Appearance of an individual as contrasted with its genetic make-up or genotype. Also, used to designate a group of individuals with similar appearance but not
necessarily identical genotypes.


Phytolexins: Substances produced or formed by host plants in response to injury, physiological stimuli, infectious agents, or their products that accumulate to levels which inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Some include toxic substances produced to repel
insects and nematodes.


Polycross: Open pollination of a group of genotypes (generally selected), in isolation from
other compatible genotypes, in such a way as to promote random mating.


Polygenic: Determined by several genes whose effects are readily detectable.


Populations: In genetics, a community of individuals which share a common gene pool. In
statistics, a hypothetical and infinitely large series of potential observations among
which observations may actually constitute a sample.


Progeny Test: A test of the value of a genotype based on the performance of its offspring
produced in some definite system of mating.


Protandry: Maturation of anthers before pistils.


Protogyny: Maturation of pistils before anthers.


Pure Line: A strain homozygous at all loci, ordinarily obtained by successive self-fertilizations in plant breeding.


Qualitative Character: A character in which variation is discontinuous.


Quantitative Character: A character in which variation is continuous so that classification into discrete categories is not possible.


Random: Arrived at by chance without discrimination.


Randomization: Process of making assignments at random.


Recessive: The member of an allelic pair which is not expressed when the other (dominant)
member occupies the homologous chromosome.


Reciprocal Crosses: Crosses in which the sources of the male and female gametes are reversed.


Recombination: Formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents. Also, the rearrangement of linked genes
due to crossing over.


Recurrent Parent: The parent to which successive backcrosses are made in backcross breeding.


Recurrent Selection: A method of breeding designed to concentrate favorable genes scattered among a number of individuals by selecting, each generation, among the
progeny produced by matings of the selected individuals (or their
selfed progeny) of the previous generation.


Registered Seed: The progeny of foundation seed normally grown to produce certified seed.


Rogue: A variation from the standard type of a variety or strain. Roguing; removal of
undesirable individuals to purify a stock.



Resistance: The restriction of development of a pathenogenic agent or parasite. Can vary in degree from immunity (no development) to only slight retardation relative to a socalled
susceptible reaction.


S1, S2, S3... Symbols for designating first, second, third, etc. selfed generations from an
ancestral plant (S0).


Segregation: Separation of paternal from maternal chromosomes at meiosis and consequent separation of genes leading to the possibility of recombination in the offspring.
Selection: In genetics, discrimination among individuals in the number of offspring
contributed to the next generation. In statistics, discrimination in sampling leading
to bias. Opposed to randomness.


Self-Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes from the same individual.


Self-Incompatibility: Genetically controlled physiological hindrance to self-fruitfulness.


Single Cross: A cross between two genotypes, usually two inbred lines, in plant breeding.


Species: The unit of taxonomic classification into which genera are subdivided. A group of
similar individuals different from other similar arrays of individuals. In sexually
reproducing organisms, the maximum interbred group isolated from other species
by barriers of sterility or reproductive incapacity.


Strain: A group of similar individuals within a variety.


Synapsis: Conjugation at pachytene and zygotene of homologous chromosomes.


Synthetic Variety: A variety produced by crossing a number of genotypes selected for
good combining ability in all possible hybrid combinations, with subsequent
maintenance of the variety by open pollination.


Telophase: The last stage in cell division before the nucleus returns to a resting condition.


Tetraploid: An organism with four basic (x) sets of chromosomes.


Top Cross: A cross between a selection, line, clone, etc., and a common pollen parent which may be a variety, inbred line, single cross, etc. The common pollen parent is called
the top cross or tester parent. In corn, a top cross is commonly an inbred-variety cross.


Transgressive Segregation: Appearance in segregating generations of individuals falling
outside the parental range in respect to some character.


Translocation: Change in position of a segment of a chromosome to another location in the
same or different chromosomes.



Variation: The occurrence of differences among individuals due to differences in their genetic composition and/or the environment in which they were raised.


Variety: A subdivision of a species. A group of individuals within a species which are
distinct in form or function from other similar arrays of individuals.


Virulence: Capacity of a pathogen to incite a disease.


x: Basic number of chromosomes in a polyploid series.


X1, X2, X3... Symbols denoting first, second, third, etc. generations from and irradiated ancestral plants (X0).


Zygote: Cell formed by the union of two gametes and the individual developing from this
cell.


Zygotene: A stage in meiotic prophase when the threadlike chromosomes pair.


EU: Good.


Pro: Before, in front of, in anticipation of.


Karyo or Caryo: Greek origin meaning kernel or nut.

GreenintheThumb said:

The mutant factor comes from DJ never outcrossing his work and using too many already inbred 1:1 matings. If for several generations you cross all your already half sib plants to a single male, big surprise, you get a seedlot that lacks vigor and has accumulated deleterious recessive genes. Combine that with sample sizes of less than 50 plants and you're ganna run into problems. It's pretty hard to properly maintain germplasm when your breeding in a trailer park. He never put colchicine on his seeds. Don't believe the hype, but if you don't believe what I say feel free to pm and ask him.

Click to expand...

Genetic drift is caused soon as you take a P1 or any F1 seed or cultivar out their comfort zone,,, where it was bread or how it was bread these need to be followed through in subsiquent generations..


Good post above Rick..

Cant rep you atm bro but thank you much for the glossary could cut and paste it up into the second post if you like and give you credit =)

How'd I know you'd be in here rick?

COZ I GOT LOADS OF TWIN SOUL`S,,,

Hopefully people can state points and counter points without degradiing or belittling each other on this thread. Genetics is not a exact science(imo).

Cannaboy I believe drift is a bit more complicated than a single plant becoming stressed. Although I wouldnt doubt that it could cause some drift (specifically disease). Small gene pools are commonly showed to cause drift. In the thread on genetic drift we discussed some interesting things like a small population of animals on a isolated island that escaped genetic drift. The likely reasoning was that these animals went through very rough conditions and natural selection along with enviromental variables kept there genetic diversity.

Im still learning about this stuff so please feel free to correct me Rick or anyone else with extensive knowledge, thanks.

This will be a cool thread. I can not really add anything, but I would like to see where this goes.

CUZIN DAVE IS COOL

Cuzin_Dave said:

Sam, I should have metioned that my argument was based on my recollections of constructing those statistical tableaus with Ne on the left hand side and very small numbers on the top of the matix.So your argument about Ne at 2000 would be correct insofar as preserving almost all of the alleles. Anyways doing too much math makes my head hurt. The little ^ symbols I used are exponentials.
There are methods for estimating the probability of genetic drift and underscoring its devastating impact on unsystematic shifts in allele frequencies where Ne is small.
The formula is: Prob. = (1 - frequency) ^ 2 ^ Ne
For example, lets say there is a less common allele (w) in a white widow clone that occurs say 5% of the time (.05) and further for arguments sake Ne = 2.
So. (1.- .05) = .95
(.95) ^ (2)(2) = 81.4% probability of elimination
Make Ne = 50
(.95) ^ (2)(50) = .00592 probability of elimination.
As is the case with any algorithm, the answers will change depending upon what numbers one intends to plug into the formula.
The higher the frequency of an allele in a given population the greater its likelihood of surviving a genetic bottleneck with the opposite being true of lower frequency alleles surviving when Ne is very small.
To expand on the basic concept of Ne one must consider how Ne effects the F statistic (Coefficient of Inbreeding).
So let's assume an NE of say 4. The decline in heterozygosity or rate of inbreeding at from the first generation would be: F1 = (1) / (2 * Ne) or 1 / (2 * 4) = .125.
With each subsequent generation the decline in heterozygosity is cumulative. Take generation F6
F6 = 1 - (1 - F1) ^ 6 = 1 - (1 - .125) ^ 6 = .551
By the 6th generation 55% of the genetic diversity will have been lost in the line. By the 12th generation 1 - (.87.5) ^ 12 = 80 % of the genetic diversity will have been eliminated.
The larger the Ne the lower the rate is the actual loss of diversity through inbreeding.
Let's take a hypothetical example:
Breeder X grows out 20 plants and gets 6 males and 14 females.
Effective breeding population will be:
(4)*(6)M*(14)F / 20 Plants Total =16.8

Change in inbreeding per generation:
1 / (2)*(16.8)= 2.9%

The "best" effective size calculation in this example:
16.8/20 = 84%

Fun with numbers for sure. I posted these examplea to underscore that genetic drift is quantitatively measurable.

Click to expand...

Well I'm pretty sure that rick has been reading his way through Allard while I've been out.

There's plenty to be covered... I'm sure you're not going to get gypped on the information Tex!

cheers folks-
looks great!
This type of work can help near us to a goal of understanding medicinal properties....., again nice work~~~~

KA~

Yea dave is cool for sure and that was a fantastic post hopefully he will chime in here =)

edit: btw if you want to give rep give it to those with the big contributions pls like English Rick. Looking up older posts and that glossary damn ... you on a roll bro thanks a ton

its cool Tex,,,when i see a quote that shakes me in my boots i usaly save it,,,,ive got loads of quotes,,its easy to post them,,,,,,,,i think ive got a talent for being able to smell the truth,,,some peeps smell better than others

am i ontrack for once MrM??,,,i read quite a few books but i need to re-read because of my dislexia

what else is there to cover?

Right now Im having issues mostly because Im just jumping into it head first instead of establishing some sort of background of knowledge( IE vocabulary)... So its like read it read it again then look up half the damn words and read it again ...

great list. is adaption the same as acclamation ?

sort of ... you could adapt to more things than climates wich I think acclamation is based on climate adaptation/adjustment. I should read the defintions first lol ... gonna go read now and see if im right ...

Acclamation is a form of adaption I think is what I should have said ... its not on our list!