[CosaNostraCZ]

Zdar přelouskal sem zas jeden zajímavej článek. Tentokrát je to od mistra Shantibaby a popisuje v něm jak probíhá selektivní šlechtění. Třeba v něm najdete něco užitečného (já našel). Pokud byste uviděli nějaký nesrovnalosti klidně napište, opravím.

Hobby Seed Breeding by Shantibaba

Mnoho lidí se často ptá na hodně otázek ohledně tvorby semen z jimi vypěstovaných rostlin, v tomto článku Shantibaba popisuje některé z věcí, které jsou pro pěstitele důležité při produkci semen. Rozkrývá zde některé věci týkající se samčích rostlin a dalších poznatků spojených s procesem produkce semen, což jistě ocení každý pěstitel zabývající se šlechtěním. Vytváření dalších generací rostlin touto přirozenou cestou je ta nejuspokojivější věc pro každého pěstitele kterékoliv rostliny.
Většina growerů co pěstuje doma pro svoji potřebu má zkušenosti se selekcí samičích rostlin, ty totiž narozdíl od svých samčích protějšků tvoří shluky samičích květenství tzv. palice a obsahují daleko větší množství cannabinoidů, což jsou unikátní látky obsažené v rostlinách cannabis. Chcete-li, aby vaše samičí rostliny dosáhly svého maximálního potenciálu tzn. co největší podíl cannabinoidů, tak obecné pravidlo zní zbavit se všech samčích rostlin, pokud totiž dojde k opylení vašich samic samčím pylem, začnou se na nich tvořit semena. Vytváření semen poté stojí samičí rostlinu spoustu energie a důsledkem toho je snížení produkce cannabinoidů. To je hlavní důvod proč většina growerů preferuje pěstování pouze samičích rostlin bez přítomnosti samců a výsledkem jsou tzv. sinsemilla (bez semen) rostliny.
Proto tedy pokud si chcete vytvořit nějaká ta vlastní semena je potřeba mít ve správný moment zástupce jak samičího tak samčího pohlaví. Samci přecházejí do květu stejně jako samice, tedy když jsou vystaveni 12 hodinám tmy denně, ale kvetení je v jejich případě o něco rychlejší, kvůli maximální produkci životaschopných semen je zde důležité zejména správné načasování doby v kterou se rozhodnete své rostliny opylovat.
Cannabis je heterozygotní rostlina, to znamená že potomci jsou tvořeni geny obou rodičů. Při selektivním šlechtění cannabis je důležitý výběr specifických vlastností volbou jednotlivých fenotypů a genotypů z každé nové generace semen.

Je možno použít následující příklad: začneme s dvěma čistými druhy cannabis, jeden z rodu Indika a druhý Sativa. Řekněme, že samec je čistá indika z Afghánistánu s těmito vlastnostmi: široké listy, tmavě zeleně zbarvené, silně ovocná vůně, husté shluky květů a doba květu se pohybuje okolo 7 týdnů. Když tohoto samce skřížíme se samicí čisté sativy, která je původem z Thajska a vyznačuje se následujícími rysy: dlouhými tenkými listy, světle zeleným až olivově zeleným zbarvením, borovicově, kořeněnou vůní, řídkými květy a minimální dobou květu 10 týdnů... získáme tím různé kombinace obou rostlin, které pak selektujeme. Testování mnoha výsledných generací semen (F1) je nezbytné k tomu, abychom zjistili která kombinace vede k rostlinám s námi požadovanými vlastnostmi.

Z F1 semen vzniklých křížením čisté sativy a indiky můžou vyrůst rostliny různých fenotypů s převažujícími rysy sativy stejně jako s převažujícími rysy indiky a mnoha různými kombinacemi vlastností od obou rodičů. Vzhledem k různým fenotypům je největším problémem identifikace konkrétní F1 rostliny toho genotypu, který má ve své DNA zakodované námi požadované vlastnosti. V praxi je tento proces prováděn metodou pokusu a omylu, vytvářením nových generací rostlin, vyžaduje spoustu testování a nazýváme ho jako SELEKTIVNI SLECHTENI.
Následovat bude praktická ukázka tvorby F1 semen požadovaných vlastností opět na příkladu rostlin sativy a indiky.
Jestliže budeme pěstovat samici Sativy při 12 a více hodinách tmy začne rostlina produkovat hormony jejichž působením začne rostlina přecházet z fáze růstu do květové fáze. To se na této Sativě nejdříve projeví v podobě pestíků (malé bílé chloupky), kterým se říká také preflowers. Pokud samice dosáhne tohoto stavu je doporučeno přemístit samčí Indika rostliny na místo se světelným cyklem s více než 16/18 hodin světla čímž se zajistí, že budou stále v růstové fázi a zároven budou mít samice čas dospět což je důležité k produkci kvalitních zralých semen. Jestliže jsou samice opyleny moc brzy nebude produkce semen příliš veliká, protože samice začne dávat svou energii do tvorby semen a ne do květu. Druhý extrém nastane když je samice opylena příliš pozdě, tím vzniknou jen nezralá semena bílé barvy ... z toho vyplývá že opylení samic v momentě kdy jsou vyvinuté a připravené k oplodnění (tzn. mají dostatečně vyvinuté květenství) je klíčem k produkci zralých semen.

Všeobecně lze říct, že pokud samci začnou kvíst 2 týdny potom co je u samic jasně viditelná květová fáze a my jimi tyto samice opylíme, bude vyprodukováno množství tmavých zralých semen. Pokud použijete pouze jednoho samce k opylování více samic je možné nechat je společně na květu v jedné místnosti, ale je potřeba dát přes tohoto samce igelitový sáček kvůli omezení rozptylu jeho pylu. Takto shromážděným pylem se potom opylují samice, stačí použít např. štěteček nebo jednoduše samice poprášit pylem. Jedná se o metody kontrolovaného opylení, které se používají např. když jsou samci a samice v různých fázích květu.

Po přepnutí samčí rostliny na květ potrvá asi 2 týdny než její květy budou viditelné. Pár dnů poté se samčí kvítky začnou otevírat a pyl v nich obsažený se uvolní do vzduchu a pokud dosedne na dospělý samičí pestík dojde k oplodnění. Za 2 týdny po opylení budou na samičí rostlině viditelná formující se semena a samice se bude více soustředit na vývoj těchto semen než na tvorbu nových květů. Když samice dosáhne konce svého života semena budou v tu dobu zralá.
Uříznutí celé samičí rostliny a její pověšení na 3 až 4 týdny i se semeny, které obsahuje zajistí zatvrdnutí semen a ty se stanou použitelná (budou mít dobrou klíčivost). Je známo, že příliš čerstvá semena mají občas problémy s klíčivostí, pokud je ale použijeme až v další sezoně měli by mít F1 semena 100% klíčivost. Při tvorbě a obchodování se semeny je tedy dobré být trpělivý.

Důležitost selekce rostlin určitých vlastností, které jsou využitelné pro šlechtění/pěstování je hlavní příčinou rozvoje genetiky. Samčí rostliny je třeba pečlivě vybírat, tím zabráníme spoustě problémů, poté následuje mnoho testů F1 semen vytvořených pomocí vyselektovaného samce k ověření vlastností těchto potomků. Samci, kteří mají vlastnost autofloweringu (kvetou automaticky bez ohledu na změnu fotoperiody) jsou vyřazeni kvůli prevenci před hermafrodismem nebo jinými nežádoucími vlastnostmi. Dále nejsou pro šlechtění vhodní samci, kteří začínají kvést příliš brzy nebo rostou příliš do výšky, protože ti dávají příliš mnoho energie do tvorby vlákna, což není dobrá vlastnost u rostlin šlechtěných pro lékařské použití. Samci mající velký dutý stonek jsou vyhledáváni spíše než samci se stonkem vyplněným dužinou. Hlavním důvodem je to, že samci s velkým dutým stonkem produkují více THC než ostatní rostliny. Samci produkující husté shluky květů jsou lepším materiálem pro šlechtění než samci s řídkým květenstvím. Nakonec pokud budete třít prsty o stonek samčí rostliny a ucítite silné aroma (terpines) je to dobrý signál toho, že takovýto samec bude dobrým producentem trichomů a potomci budou mít podobné aroma. Existují i jiné vlastnosti, které je při výběru vhodného samce sledovat, ty však už vyžadují pokročilejší znalosti a mikroskop, ale to už není pro hobby growery či šlechtitele příliš významné.

Základem každého váženého breedera je dobrá genetika, ta ušetří roky selekce, spoustu pochyb o původu rodičovských rostlin, ... a můžete pokračovat v křížení vámi vybraných rostlin, tzn. můžete vytvořit a selektovat rostliny s vámi požadovanými rysy. Po 5 generacích takovéhoto hobby šlechtění budou mít vaše rostliny unikátní vámi vybrané vlastnosti, které budou odlišné od vlastností původních rodičovských rostlin. Proces tvorby semen zapomocí selektivního šlechtění je velmi uspokojující činnost, v podstatě se jedná o usměrnování Matky Přírody námi požadovaným směrem, bez použití chemikálií nebo genetických manipulací rostlin. Selektivní šlechtění je běh na dlouhou trať a není pro každého, proto společnosti strávily roky zkoumáním selekce samičích a samčích rostlin Cannabis.
S postupem času se podařilo zjistit, které vlastnosti rostlin jsou žádané a které nikoliv. Otevřená a zvídavá mysl spolu s intuicí a znalostmi jsou nejužitečnějšími nástroji při šlechtění kvalitních rostlin cannabis pro lékařské použití.


Jak se říká nejlepší je originál:

Hobby Seed breeding by Shantibaba
Many people ask many questions about making their own seeds from the plants they have been growing for sometime, so in this issue I shall deal with some factors to consider while making seed. We will cover some of the facets to look for in males of the species plus try to identify all the possible areas involved in the process of seed production so you the grower can feel confident enough to attempt this type of work. Making a product by using nature’s ways is a most satisfying accomplishment to any gardener of any plant.
Most home growers have experience selecting a female plant, as this sex of the plant contains the flower clusters and makes more quantities of cannabinoids; the active ingredients unique to cannabis , than the male plant. So as a general rule if you want your female plant to reach its potential as a maker of substantial quantities of Cannabinoids you must kill any of the male flowers since their union will cause the female plant to become impregnated with male pollen and as a result seed will begin to form in the female flowers. Since a lot of energy of the plant is taken up making seeds, at this stage, there will be a reduction of cannabinoids as a consequence. That is the reason most growers prefer to grow a female plant without the presence of a male plant: to produce sinsemilla (without seeds) flowers.
Therefore it is important to note that to produce your own seed you will need to have both a female and male plant present at the correct moment. Considering male plants tend to flower, like the female plants, when they are exposed to 12 hours dark a day a little quicker than the female plant, you will need to time your plants life well to maximize the viable seed produced.
Cannabis is a heterozygotic plant; taking its genetic make-up from both parents .So selectively breeding cannabis for the particular traits that you want can be done by choosing particular phenotypes and genotypes from each new seed generation.
An example of this is best illustrated by beginning with two pure species such as Indica and Sativa. Let us say the male plant is a pure indica from Afghanistan. Its traits are broad leaf, dark green coloration, strong fruit scent, short dense flower clusters, and a tendency to flower quickly finishing in 7 weeks. If we then combine the male to a pure sativa female originating from Thailand with traits; long slender leaf shape, lime green to olive green shades, piney/spice scent, long airy flowers, and a tendency to have a long flowering time of over 10 weeks…we will get a lot of different combinations to select from. Testing a lot of the resulting generation seed (F1) will be necessary to see which combination is in line with the genetic area of interest you wish to follow.
F1 seed will express itself from this hybridization of sativa and indica by showing its phenotypes to express predominantly sativa traits as well as predominantly indica traits as well as a large proportion of the F1 seeds expressing a combination of both parents in different amounts. Considering phenotype will express certain traits the biggest or hardest job is to identify the particular F1 plant that carries the genotype that combines those characteristics in DNA coding. This is really done through trial and error and consecutive generations and a lot of testing…this is what we term SELECTIVE BREEDING.
In practical terms how do we produce that desired F1 seed? If we continue using the sativa : indica example I can guide those who wish to attempt it.
If the female Sativa plant has been growing and the hours of dark are at 12 hours or more then the hormones inside the plant will change the cycle of growing into flowering. The Sativa will show small hair like pistils to confirm preflower has begun. When this stage is reached with the female it would be recommended to keep your male Indica in a place that has more than 16/18 hours of light so it remains in a growing phase, giving the female time to develop and get her ready to be mature enough to produce a good fertile seed crop. If the male pollinates the female too early the female will produce a small amount of seed since the plant stops developing and puts its energy into seed development and not into flower cluster development. If the female is pollinated too late there will be a lot of non viable white seed produced as a result…so getting the female ripe and ready is the point in seed production.
As a general rule if you bring the male plant into flowering 2 weeks after the visible signs of flowering have been identified on the female, the pollination will be complimentary producing a good amount of extremely dark and healthy seed. However if you only use one single male plant to pollinate a series of female plants they can all be flowered at the same moment but a plastic bag can be placed over the male plant to control its pollen dispersal. Painting on or dusting female plants with collected pollen are also a very good method of controlled pollination and are useful when the male and female are out of sync in their flowering cycles naturally.
After introducing the male into the flowering cycle it will take approximately 2 weeks before the male flowers begin to become visible. A few days after that, the male flowers will mature and open releasing their pollen into the air, and with the female flower ripe to receive pollen, germination of the plant takes place. Controlling the amount of male pollen and the female plant it needs to pollinate can be done Within another 2 weeks there will be visible signs of the seed forming and the female plant will cease growing anymore flowers but rather put the energy into the development of the seed. When the female plant runs its natural life cycle and begins to die, the seed will become mature.
Cutting the entire female plant down and hanging it with all the seed inside it for 3 to 4 weeks will ensure a hardening off period for the seed to become useable. It has been known that too fresh a seed sometimes has problems germinating but leaving the fresh seed for the next season, there should be 100% germination of the F1 seed. So it is important to show patience when making and dealing with seed.
The importance of selecting plants for the traits that are useful to the breeder/grower is the main reason genetics have evolved as they have. Male plants of this species need to be carefully selected to avoid a lot of laborious work, which means one will need to do a lot of testing of F1 seed made from a particular male to verify if the sex linked traits are real or not. Males that auto flower irrespective of daylight hours are normally eliminated to insure against hermaphroditism or unwanted male traits. Males that flower too quickly or too tall are also not the best for breeding since they put too much energy into fiber production which is not the trait one is looking for in a medicinal plant. Males that have large hollow main stems are sought out rather than males that are more pith-filled stems …the main reason are that large hollow stemmed males are better THC producers than other plants. Males that produce tight floral clusters rather than airy sparse floral clusters are usually better to breed with. Finally if you rub your fingers against the stem of a developing male and are able to get strong odors or aromas (terpines) you will be advised to use these males as trichrome production and flavor are directly related to plants that produce odors early on. There are several other traits to look for in a male but these are rather advanced and need microscope help which is not really relevant for the hobby grower/breeder.
The purpose of reputable seed breeders is to start with good genetics, it will save years of selecting and doubt of parent origin etc….and going on with interbreeding or hybridization from plants selected by yourself will help you design and select for things that you want in a plant. After 5 generations of this sort of hobby seed breeding the plant you will have will be unique to your selection process and very different from the parents, making it basically your creation. The process of seed breeding by way of selection is a very satisfying accomplishment and as close as we can get to designing Mother Nature, without interfering chemically or genetically manipulating a plant. Selective breeding is a long process and not for everyone, that is why companies have been spending years of research into selection of both female and male plants of Cannabis.
With time, focus and a lot of patience the knack for recognizing desirable and undesirable traits becomes more apparent. Having an open and curious mind, along with a developed sense of intuition will be the most useful tools for breeding good quality medicinal herbs.

Mr. Nice Seeds - National Health Service - Male:

[CosaNostraCZ]

Článek o breedingu od samotného DJ Shorta, v některých věcech dost podobný Shantiho článku, ale tento je víc do hloubky:

Originál tady:
https://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/2788.html

Nebo quote:

The art of selection and breeding fine quality cannabis
By DJ Short - Friday, March 7 2003

How to create amazing new strains with a discerning palate, careful selection and some hard work.

Perhaps the most important aspect to consider in the breeding of fine quality cannabis is that of selection. Selective breeding is where all of today's varieties evolved from.
In the past, this chore was made easier by the fact that most of the commercially available herb was seeded and imported from outdoor plantations, usually near-equatorial in origin. These "land-race" Sativa varieties were the building blocks of the burgeoning domestic productions of the times.

The Indica (Afghan, Kush, Skunk, etc.) genetics were specially imported by West Coast interests and available to the general public around 1978. It was shortly after this time that the variance of domestic cannabis increased exponentially, as people began experimenting with crossing these two different types of pot.

Beginning breeding

The typical way to begin a breeding program is to carefully select P1 parents of pure Sativa and pure Indica, crossing them to produce an f1 hybrid that is uniform in its phenotypic growth patterns. The next step is the crossing of the f1 type with itself, which produces a very wide variation witnessed in the f2 growth patterns and expressions.

It is in this f2 second-generational cross and beyond that the art of selection really comes into play. There are a number of factors to consider at this point, such as what the male and female will each contribute; and most of all, what will the overall quality of the finished product be like?

Defining a goal and constructing a plan to accomplish it is called "top-down" programming, and this "top-down" approach applies well to cannabis breeding. It helps considerably to have a specific goal in mind when attempting to selectively breed a variety of ganja. This simple fact I cannot emphasize enough.

One must at least have an idea of what one is aiming for before beginning. For me this has little to do with plant structure and much to do with the quality of the finished product, no matter what form it is in. Having an experienced and educated palate (both mentally aesthetic and physically discernable) is key in the art of breeding fine quality cannabis.

The "goal" at the center of most of my breeding targets would be to replicate, as near as possible, the experiences produced by the great land-race varieties of old: Highland Oaxacan or Thai, Santa Marta or Acapulco Gold, Guerrero Green, Panama Red or Hawaiian Sativa? or the hash from regions such as Lebanon, Afghanistan or Nepal.

The indoor grow environment is too generic to fully replicate the great old legends. Therefore, it was necessary to settle for the next best thing: happy Sativa/Indica crosses that would perform well indoors. (It is interesting to note here that most of the fine land-race Sativa were hermaphroditic, though sometimes only minimally.)

Selection process:
Outdoor Australian Sativa; inset: seeded bud Outdoor Australian Sativa; inset: seeded bud


Obviously, you seek the parents that will produce the desired progeny. Paradoxically, this process requires selecting the best after they've been harvested. The solution is to keep samples from each plant of a test crop. This can be done via rooted clones from earlier cuttings, or re-greened mothers and fathers kept in a vegetative state and a high-nitrogen diet. Once you have chosen among the harvested plants, you can use the rooted cuttings for future consideration and possible breeding.

Pollen may also be gathered and immediately stored via vacuum sealing and deep-freezing. It is crucial to vacuum seal and freeze pollen immediately after it is collected and to use stored pollen immediately after it thaws. Dry seeds also store well over indefinite periods of time in an undisturbed deep-freeze, with some desiccant.

This process of post-harvest selection works fine for selecting desired female plants. But what about males? What is the best and most simple way to select males for breeding? Due to the fact that it is the female plants that we are ultimately familiar with, selecting males is a bit more involved.

The process is basically the same as it is with female plants, except with males the numbers are first limited down via a process of elimination, and selections made by comparing the remainder. Selecting males also takes a little more time initially as the quality of the male is not fully determined until after the seeds it produces are grown out and tested. As one becomes more familiar with a particular strain, the specific characteristics of the desirable males become apparent.

Ideally, the more seeds one starts with the better. This is, after all, a numbers game. I will assume that any basic breeding project starts with at least 20 different plants, from 20 viable seeds of high quality, professionally stabilized varieties. This would give a minimum of 10 male and 10 female plants hopefully sexed by two weeks into a flowering light cycle (short day/long night).

Once sexed, the process of elimination may begin. All of the females are kept and regularly examined to prevent unwanted hermaphroditism. Unwanted males and all hermaphrodites must be eliminated before they begin to shed pollen ? usually by the third week in the flowering cycle. The female plants need to be checked for hermaphroditism until harvest.

(A quick word on "backward" hermaphrodites ? declared males that eventually sport female flowers ? as opposed to the usual female-to-male hermaphrodites. These are semi-rare occurrences, usually sterile but sometimes viable, that I have found at times to be valuable in their genetic contributions. Some of the most resinous and desirable males I have encountered exhibited this trait. This trait almost seems to guarantee against unwanted hermaphroditism in subsequent generations as it also increases the female to male ratio in its progeny.)

Recessivecombination

A word needs to be said about the not-too-common probabilities of what I generally refer to as a recessive combination phenomenon. Sometimes, though not often, two parents that appear to express a common desirable trait ? let's say a sweet/fruity bouquet ? are crossed and the progeny do not express the desirable trait.

This usually means that one or both parents possessed some sort of recessive alleles in their genotype for this characteristic. But it could also mean that the progeny had a different environment that the parents.

If environment can be ruled out then it is likely that some sort of a genetic recessive combination is the cause. If none of the progeny express the desired characteristic one may want to cross the progeny with itself and see what the outcome is.

If a common "Punnet ratio" such as 25% of a progeny express the desirable trait, then the trait is more than likely recessive and the trait may be stabilized via crossing any two of the 25% (or whatever common ratio) that show the desired trait with each other. This process is time consuming and is generally followed only if no other alternatives exist.


Selecting males
Male plants showing their sex.Male plants showing their sex.

I prefer to remove all of the males from the grow-room to a separate, isolated space shortly after they declare their sex and well before they begin to shed pollen. A small space lit with simple fluorescent light will suffice for the males for the next few weeks. During this time the female buds will fatten with more flowers while your collection of males is selected down.

I generally employ a simple process of elimination while selecting males. First, any auto-flowering or very early-declared males are eliminated. (Auto-flowering means that male flowers form regardless of light cycle timing.) This is mainly to insure against hermaphroditism or unwanted flowering traits, but also as a means to insure quality. The very early declared males have a tendency to be less desirable in terms of their contributions to the quality of the finished product. (If you are trying to specifically create an early-flowering strain, then your priorities may be different.)

Next, any male plant that grows too tall or too fast is usually eliminated. The reason for this is that most plants which dedicate so much energy to fiber production generally are best for making fiber. The exception to this rule is when an over-productive plant also exhibits a number of the desirable characteristics mentioned later.

The next criteria for elimination is borrowed from Michael Starks' book, Marijuana Potency, and involves stem structure. Large, hollow main stems are sought while pith-filled stems are eliminated. Backed by years of observation, I agree that hollow stems do seem to facilitate THC production.

Another consideration is the type of floral clusters that develop. Even on males, clusters which are tight, compact and yet very productive are desired over an airy, loose structure. These observations are most notable in the indoor environment. Outdoors, the differences in stem and floral structures are more difficult to discern.

The next and perhaps most important characteristic to examine is that of odor, flavor and trichome development. Again, the females will prove themselves by their finished product, but the males are a bit trickier.

I usually begin with a Sativa female and an Indica male. It has been my observation that the females primarily contribute the type of flavor and aroma and the males contribute the amount of flavor and odor. The "Sativa/Indica" aspects of this formula are mainly apparent in the P1 or very early filial crosses (to about f3). Beyond the f3 generation the apparent "Sativa/Indica" ratio in a given individual is less important than the odor/flavor and trichome development aspects it exhibits. Therefore, one of the main aspects to consider when selecting a male is the depth of its aroma and flavor. (If you are seeking to develop a low-odor indoor strain you might wish to begin with a low-odor Sativa male and an Indica female.)

With the remaining males I usually employ an odor/flavor test. Using males at least two or three weeks into the flowering cycle (and preferably beyond if a separate, isolated space is being used), a sort of "scratch-and-sniff" technique is first employed. With clean, odor-free fingers, gently rub one plant at a time, on the stem where it is well developed and pliable, above the woody part and below the developing top (approximately at the spot where a clone would be cut). The newer leaves at their halfway point of development may also be rubbed and sniffed.

These are the places that the earliest chemical signatures of a developing plant present themselves, and it is our intent to gently disturb these chemicals and inspire an odor/flavor reaction on the fingers and on the plant. By examining these various aromas in this way one may be able to determine certain desirable (and also undesirable) characteristics. After clearing one's palate and refreshing one's fingers, another plant may be tested.

The finalists are best compared for at least a week and at different times of day, to determine who performs best over a period of time.

A few of the "good" aromas which I have found to be associated with both male and female high quality cannabis are: sweet, floral, fruity, berry, wine/brandy, other savory spirits, skunky and spearmint. Some of the "bad" aromas associated with both male and female cannabis are: grassy, chlorophyll (green), celery, parsley, carrots, cinnamon, pepper-mint or wintergreen, gear-oil and gasoline. Some of the aromas that are considered "good" from females but not necessarily from males are: woody, cedar, pine, citrus, tropical fruit, chocolate, vanilla, coffee, garlic and astringent.

Worldwide weed

It is sad that due to the Unfortunate State of Assholes in the world today we herbalists are treated criminally. Sad because given saner times we would be able to produce vast amounts of fine quality herb by virtue of no more than the great outdoors, large numbered populations and trial and error.

Someday perhaps, but in the meantime I have few alternate suggestions. Holland, Denmark, Switzerland, Spain and other parts of Europe are opening up more and more toward herbal tolerance. It is relatively easy in these places to score some high quality product.

It is advisable for the newbie to a scene to buy many small samples of herbals at first until one finds what one likes. Just like in any other travel situation, special surprises await those willing to venture out from the centralized tourist areas (except in Christiania where "one stop shopping" is greatly enjoyed).

I am willing to bet that some of the many herbal "sweet spots" around the globe may once again be producing their specialties. I am eager to verify any rumor of such possibilities. These sweet spots would include many equatorial and near equatorial regions such as Colombia, Highland Mexico, parts of Thailand, Burma and Bhutan to name a few. Places such as Nepal and Jamaica have been ideal for herbal expeditions as well. These are some of the places one could venture in search of educating one's herbal palate and expanding one's experience. n

Constant testing

After selections are made, it is also necessary to remember to test for these qualities across a number of clone generations. Do the desirable characteristics present in a new plant (from seed) persist through the following clone generations of that plant? Does the plant from clones of the original carry the same odor/flavor quality? The same potency? Overall desirability? The answers most definitely need to be "yes" if that individual is to be considered for future breeding.

With much practice and years of experience it becomes apparent to those with a sensitive palate which individuals possess the most desirable characteristics from a given sample.
I suggest that your taste and smell be augmented with the use of an illuminated magnifier, either 30X, 60X or 100X power
will do.

Look at the same aforementioned spot on the stem or developing leaves any time after the second week in the bud cycle and look for the greatest abundance of developing trichomes or secretory hairs (hairs that secrete fluid obvious at 30X and above magnification). More fully developed trichomes with very clear heads are generally the most desirable.

These observations need to be done over a period of time (that is, not just a one-time look) and at different times of the day to determine which individuals perform best. Many various phenomena become apparent to those who are able to pay close attention over a period of time. To that effect I suggest you compile and composite detailed notes on one's observations, and to compare those notes over time. Detailed, comprehensive notes are the hallmark of any successful breeding program.

It is possible to test males by smoking or otherwise consuming them. This practice may be somewhat beneficial to beginners as it does involve a sort of obvious discretion. I suggest using only fresh tips, properly cured and rolled into a joint. Also, make sure that this test smoke is the first smoke one consumes in a day in order to best discern its qualities, or lack thereof.

Some other aspects to consider

There are a number of aesthetic considerations to consider regarding fine quality cannabis breeding, such as color, overall structure, growth patterns and various bouquets. My primary goal involves finding the finished product with the most desirable and pleasant effects. So I focus on those aspects and stabilize them first. Once stabilized, a backcross or a cross to another variety may be utilized to further improve the line and/or increase vigor, if necessary.

On the experimental level the finished product is expected to be either pleasant or powerful, depending on the individual. I prefer an herb that is pleasantly powerful or powerfully pleasant! So that is the sought-after goal. The range of experiences elicited by cannabis can vary from bliss to panic to stupefying. I much prefer the bliss aspects.

The best descriptive dichotomy in this case would be comfort vs. discomfort. I also suppose some personality types may enjoy a more exciting experience ? perhaps only once in awhile ? a feeling somewhat akin to the entertainment of a roller coaster ride or a horror movie.

Cannabis is unusual in its varying effects on our vascular-circulatory system. Some cannabis strains seem to act as a vasodilator and others as a vasoconstrictor. A vasoconstrictor is a substance that constricts blood vessels. It tends to elicit tension, excitement, anxiety, and even panic. A vasodilator is a substance that dilates blood vessels and tends to relax a person more easily into a blissful state. Therefore, I tend to prefer cannabis that seems to act as a vasodilator, simply not to the point of couch lock sedation.

I have nothing against powerfully stony herb. It is just that as long as my breeding space is limited, I will choose to work with the more pleasant varieties ? those that elicit a generally happy experience. Someday I look forward to working at stabilizing many different varieties of herb. After all, to each their own.

Tinnitus and dyskinesia are common symptoms of a vasoconstrictor reaction. Tinnitus is ringing in the ears, and dyskinesia, in this instance, is usually felt as a tingling in the extremities, especially the little fingers, toes and ears. Another bad sign would be any form of tension headache or unwanted body load. If these symptoms occur regularly after indulging in a particular herb, the herb may be contributing to the sensation.

Does it pass the acid test?

To borrow and paraphrase a disclaimer from Dr Hunter S Thompson; "I cannot condone drug usage, but I must admit it has worked well for me." In particular, the psychedelics (entheogens, entactogens, and hallucinogens included) are paramount as a testing tool when breeding fine quality cannabis.

A favored testing formula of mine involves preparations being made days in advance. One needs to have a perfectly cured sample of the herb one wishes to test ready at hand before the test. Fasting (from substances primarily, but also some foods) and cleansing (exercise, sweating or sauna, re-hydration and meditation, etc.) are employed for a period prior to the test. This is to as fully as possible re-calibrate one's baseline state of consciousness to its most basic, clean state.

A time is selected, a toast made and the trip material is ingested. I generally like to eat a simple meal of soup or juice and bread after I ingest a substance and before I begin to alert (first noticing the effect of a substance).

Do not ingest any herb, or any other consciousness-altering substance until after one has alerted, preferably prior to the peak of the trip. Ingest only a small amount of the herb to be tested at first, one toke at a time, unless this is a follow-up test and one is already familiar with the experience.

Ideally, the psychedelic substance will further the range of noticeable subtleties by one's psyche and allow a broader appreciation of the effect from the herb. An herb that is truly powerful and pleasant will usually profoundly express its experience upon the opened mind. That is, if the herb is truly blissful it will become more readily apparent under such psychedelic examination. Likewise, if the herb is somewhat "panicky" or "anxious" in experience, the psychedelic will exacerbate these qualities as well.

I am assuming, and offering fair warning, that those who attempt such a test are well-experienced psychic travelers. That is, all necessary considerations of set and setting must be satisfied before attempting such a trial. The psychedelic substance almost seems to act as a sort of mental catalyst when combined with herb. This combination is able to cause both desirable and undesirable traits of the herb experience to become more so apparent to the initiated mind.

These are some of the techniques, selections and considerations that I employ when breeding fine quality cannabis. Famed horticulturist Luther Burbank's quote: "select the best and reject all others" is the single most important aspect to consider.

With time, focus and patience the knack for recognizing desirable and undesirable traits becomes more apparent. Having an open and curious mind, along with a developed sense of intuition, is beneficial.

May your ventures be fruitful.

Recessivecombination

Male plants showing their sex:


A word needs to be said about the not-too-common probabilities of what I generally refer to as a recessive combination phenomenon. Sometimes, though not often, two parents that appear to express a common desirable trait ? let's say a sweet/fruity bouquet ? are crossed and the progeny do not express the desirable trait.

This usually means that one or both parents possessed some sort of recessive alleles in their genotype for this characteristic. But it could also mean that the progeny had a different environment that the parents.

If environment can be ruled out then it is likely that some sort of a genetic recessive combination is the cause. If none of the progeny express the desired characteristic one may want to cross the progeny with itself and see what the outcome is.

If a common "Punnet ratio" such as 25% of a progeny express the desirable trait, then the trait is more than likely recessive and the trait may be stabilized via crossing any two of the 25% (or whatever common ratio) that show the desired trait with each other. This process is time consuming and is generally followed only if no other alternatives exist.Male plants showing their sex.

Ganja Godesses

Male plants showing their sex:



One of the things I learned a long time ago was that something more than genetics or biological environment plays a role in the desirability of herb. During the 70's and 80's, as the number of growers proliferated, it became apparent to those privy to the info that a grower's personal vibe somehow became part of the plant's vibe.

Generally speaking, mellow, laid-back growers tended to produce mellow, laid-back herb, whereas uptight, sinister growers tended to produce uptight, sinister herb. Perhaps it was just the vibe of the grower following the product to market expressing itself along the chain of trade, I am not certain, nor do I believe any form of scientific observation will ever confirm such a debate. It has simply been one of those givens in the trade. In that regard, I have further noticed that much of the finest domestic herb I've encountered was grown by women.

I used to call it the "Great Pumpkin" effect, but perhaps it is better termed the "Ganja Goddess" effect. The most sincere herbal patches being visited upon by the subtle and ethereal spirits of benevolence. And subtle is a very key word when considering the desirable characteristics of fine quality cannabis. Subtleties have a way of being very powerful, indeed. While we are considering such aesthetic topics let's have a look at femininity. It is, after all, the female plant we are primarily concerned with.

Male plants showing their sex:



.One of the most profound aspects of the cannabis experience for me is its ability to act as a counter-balance to my personal, male-dominance syndrome.

Cannabis allows me a reprieve from the otherwise distracting male-conditioned response of attempting to dominate my environment. My conditioning of aggressive competitiveness is temporarily quelled, and I am allowed to experience reality in a much more non-linear relationship. The routine desire to compete and conquer is replaced with a sense of cooperation and community. In a word, I have learned to become a feminist.

By "feminist" I mean the protected right to be feminine, cooperative, community-centered and globally concerned, able and free to discern subtleties, intuitive and submissive without the fear of dominator conquest and control. The fine quality cannabis experience allows me to better understand, accept, and serve fate.

One of the things I have learned about "us" (the cooperators) and "them" (the dominators) is that they need us much more than we need them. This is one fact that I wish very much for our community to realize. Toward realizing that end, I have found the finest quality cannabis to be an invaluable resource.

[cannaboy]

[CosaNostraCZ]

Článek pro matkaře.

Uveřejněn v těchto časopisech:

Article for 2009 April for Weed World, Treating Yourself, La Dolce Vita, Buds and Babes.

‘Alive and Kicking’ –the importance of a strains’ health and long term fitness… even after 10 years! Learn how!

by Shantibaba

Gardeners and growers alike, who are familiar with cloning from stock plants, know how important it is to have optimum health in a mother or father plant. Clones made from healthy parent plants will have clearly a better chance to perform well as production plants. Keeping stock plants alive and kicking, year after year, is a great scenario and establishes consistency, popularity and recognition of a plant and its effects. In fact most plants you buy at a garden center like geraniums and lavender etc…are all cloned from established mother plants…that is why we can guarantee genetic replicas time after time, and it will always be consistent, thus making it a stable and reliable product to sell, as people know what they are getting. Garden centers usually have stock plants growing outside for years to ensure this to be the case and to clone in the right season. Since Cannabis is actually a dioecious (A plant species in which male and female organs appear on separate individuals). annual herb and relies on propagating from seed each year, it was not until we worked out the critical photo fluctuations like 18hr or more of daylight it vegetates and grows and 12 hours or less it flowers and dies. Different plants are activated with different photo periods and that is the reason they flower at different times.

To achieve keeping a plant alive for years, that would normally seed and die annually, you will need a well constructed and well planned grow room (more than 18hours light per day), this is essential!!!. In this grow or vegetative room, mothers, fathers and clones can all root, grow and be cloned, making this room a big asset and the center of all operations to do with the production of a consistent strain. But management of any strain grown under artificial indoor conditions is a must if you wish to keep the same plant and a library of genetics alive and in production for the future. If this is something that interests you then read on…let’s just say cloning revolutionized the Cannabis industry in the same way it did for the traditional Plant nurseries. Controlled pedigree breeding through the principles of selection along with a mother room changed the look and possible hybrids that would not have been able to occur in Nature. This all began with The Seed Bank originally set up by Neville in Holland in the 80s…and from that single Seed Bank grew all the multi-hybrids and true breeds which are the basis for all other seed companies that followed.


Beginning with a seed that comes from a reliable source of genetics will mean some level of selection has gone into the strain/hybrid, which in turn means the starting point should be a better place to begin than with bag seed or land races or unrefined wild sown seed. Once you have selected your strain, grown the males and females, made a choice of the plants according to your criteria for selection, you are ready to begin the production side of growing for this strain. In other words initial seed work is only needed for the first stage as once you have found the plant you want; cloning makes it a stable, reliable and consistent industry, where the end product will only vary according to the climatic fluctuations it is grown in, but not genetically.

All male and female parent plants need to be kept in an indoor 18hr grow room to preserve the strain as a living plant form, otherwise we keep it as seed in a fridge. The advantage of clones is as soon as they are cut and rooted…2-3 weeks they are in production…while seed plants vary and take between 6-8 weeks to be at the same state of maturity for production. So clone mothers are valuable in the respect that many people can grow off a single 18hr mother/ clone setup…if they work together. One clone room for 20 flowering rooms or more, illustrates the importance of an 18hr vegetative room…if you want to be professional.

The single most important aspect of the mother room is air movement, in my opinion. Air movement both within the room and incoming and outgoing air exchange should be made adjustable. That way one can move large volumes of air or small volumes of air depending upon the environmental influences, and therefore allows us to play god by controlling all aspects of Climate which in turn allows us to grow plants to their full potential indoors instead of being at the mercy of Mother Nature and the seasonal fluctuations. Considering a mother room goes year round, making it the laboratory type of setup is something to consider. The better the facility, without it being too large the better chances of good clone production, stable and healthy mothers and fathers, and general good plant health is easier to maintain. Circulating air below the plants and above them will reduce the likelihood of molds settling and colonizing or laying eggs, in fact it makes it tough for all pests to settle in as the currents of air flowing between the plants do not allow for stagnation. Less plagues, infestations and disease come from rooms with large air movement…so keep the air moving!

Flowering rooms (12hours light per day or less) that are set up for rotational crops every 2-3 months, rely on a source of pest free clones, infection free and healthy clones coming from a healthy home. So it is imperative the source of the clones for these flowering setups come fit and healthy, otherwise a lot of rooms and different growers will suffer.Hygenic, clean and clear of decomposing organic matter is a must for any good mother room. Foot baths are easy to setup before entering the room and greatly reduce the chances of spreading pests or foreign bodies once inside. Simple detergent or Chlorine with water, enough for the soles of your shoes to be washed as you walk through will do the job. Weekly spraying of all working areas with Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2 30%...mixed with water) including the walls and floor will be the best form of prevention if done on a regular basis.

However the most essential part of keeping a strain(s) going for many years in great health will be this single feature. Mother and father plants used to clone from and to maintain the genetics from are usually grown under artificial lights. To manage the fitness and health of the strain it is essential to cut a clone from the old mother/fathers, root them and grow them under natural sunlight for a period of about 1-2 months then bring them or a clone of them back inside to take over from the old parents as new mother/father plants. This single aspect of growing the plant outside for part of the year will ensure the new parent plants that the clones come from will be virile and strong, instilling a certain level of fitness in the strain. Repeat this year after year and the strain will out live you! My plant library exists since decades this way and they show no sign of deterioration, nor does a single clone coming from them!

For all you hobby breeders, cloning companies, or seed companies keeping plants alive in grow rooms for many years, it is very important to keep fitness and health in a strain. An example of a plant that was only in clone form as a female that slowly lost fitness and eventually died without anything anyone could do was G13. This was one of Neville’s creations as a seed that began a lot of hype, legends and stories of exaggeration since the early 90s, but alas lost in a pure form and only found in hybrids, nowadays.

If you find something worth to nurture for the future, make sure the mother/father/clone room is clean and hygienic, and the air is flowing well inside, exhausted well and one time of the year (preferable summer) that the plants get to grow in natural sunlight for a time…this will guarantee all you can do to preserve a strain for longevity. One strain grown and cloned in a one lamp room over many years can reach a lot of different people, growers and parts of the world that most people will never have thought possible. Not to mention it creates a consistent and reliable product that people can count on. Cannabis grown with care grows into medicine somewhere!
__________________
ψ-ψ-ψ-ψ-ψ-ψ-ψ-ψ-ψ-ψ-ψ

all the best,
Shantibaba
https://www.mrnice.nl

PS: těch článků od Shantiho existuje víc, tak kdyby byl zájem můžu to sem naházet nebo do CCC.

[ecr8d]

zaujimave veci maju aj v PDF archive https://mrnice.nl/dhtml/media_pdf_archive.php
inac super pracicka tvoje preklady

[Owl Mirror]

AWESOME !

An example of this is best illustrated by beginning with two pure species such as Indica and Sativa. Let us say the male plant is a pure indica from Afghanistan. Its traits are broad leaf, dark green coloration, strong fruit scent, short dense flower clusters, and a tendency to flower quickly finishing in 7 weeks. If we then combine the male to a pure sativa female originating from Thailand with traits; long slender leaf shape, lime green to olive green shades, piney/spice scent, long airy flowers, and a tendency to have a long flowering time of over 10 weeks…we will get a lot of different combinations to select from. Testing a lot of the resulting generation seed (F1) will be necessary to see which combination is in line with the genetic area of interest you wish to follow.

~@~
After 5 generations of this sort of hobby seed breeding the plant you will have will be unique to your selection process and very different from the parents, making it basically your creation.

TRIUNE of M.E.N.

This pic is of first gen seeds from one of my crosses. (came from same bud)

[CosaNostraCZ]

Originally Posted by ecr8d

zaujimave veci maju aj v PDF archive https://mrnice.nl/dhtml/media_pdf_archive.php
inac super pracicka tvoje preklady

Znam, ale nejsou tam všechny. Víc jich najdeš třeba v časopise Treating Yourself.

Dost mi pomohl, podle mě je tento článek pro lidi co se šlechtění nevěnují profesionálně naprosto dostačující, protože na nějaký profi selektivní šlechtění nemá normální člověk kapacity.

Pokud by to někoho hodně zajímalo tak je tu kniha:

The Cannabis Breeder's Bible: The Definitive Guide to Marijuana Genetics, Cannabis Botany and Creating Strains for the Seed Market

Originally Posted by Owl Mirror

AWESOME !



TRIUNE of M.E.N.

This pic is of first gen seeds from one of my crosses. (came from same bud)

I guess your strain is not much stable yet.
Wish you luck with your breeding project.

[Owl Mirror]

Originally Posted by CosaNostraCZ

I guess your strain is not much stable yet.
Wish you luck with your breeding project.

LOL, no not in the least as these are the first seeds in a TRIUNE breeding program between:
Mazar I Sharif Indica (landrace)
Ethiopian Sativa (landrace)
Nepalese Sativa (landrace)


Right now I am playing "Who's your Daddy" with this seed lot.

[newhousegreen]

Originally Posted by Owl Mirror

LOL, no not in the least as these are the first seeds in a TRIUNE breeding program between:
Mazar I Sharif Indica (landrace)
Nepalese Sativa (landrace)
Ethiopian Sativa (landrace)

Right now I am playing "Who's your Daddy" with this seed lot.

great!good LUCK

[CosaNostraCZ]

Originally Posted by Owl Mirror

LOL, no not in the least as these are the first seeds in a TRIUNE breeding program between:
Mazar I Sharif Indica (landrace)
Ethiopian Sativa (landrace)
Nepalese Sativa (landrace)


Right now I am playing "Who's your Daddy" with this seed lot.

Sorry my bad
Wish you luck, finding a good male is the hardest part (one reason why seed companies making feminized seeds )

Happy Holiday to you and your plants.