What is know of this :
Vitamin B4 also known as Adenine is the member of the Vitamin B-Complex family. Vitamin B4 is also one of the water-soluble vitamins. Adenine is a compound that acts as a co-enzyme with other compounds such as vitamins and helpful in produceing energy. Adenine is the one of the nitrogenous bases of DNA also helpful in making code for DNA and is very important component of the DNA. It is a purine. Adenine forms a bond with thiamine in the DNA. This vitamin B4 also forms a part of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is important in the transport of energy between many reactions and also forms adenosine which plays an important role in various biochemical processes. It enables the change of phosphate group which then provide energy which is very necessary for various cellular reactions and for cells’ life.
A possible growth regulatory effect caused by adenine (18) was first noted by Bonner and Haagen-Smit (1939) and Bonner et al. (1939), who found that the compound promoted an expansion in the area of leaf discs floated on sugar solutions. Other regulatory properties of the compound were later demonstrated by Skoog and Tsui (1948), Jacquiot (1951) and Miller and Skoog (1953), who discovered that it could induce bud formation in both tobacco stem segments and elm and tobacco callus in vitro. The activity of adenine is much less than that of the true cytokinins, and 25-100 times the concentration (e.g. 600 mM vs. 20 mM kinetin - Khanna and Chopra, 1977) may be required to produce similar results. Despite the subsequent discovery of cytokinin activity in adenine derivatives, adenine itself is still often used in cultures from which plant regeneration is required. It seems sometimes to improve growth (Nwankwo and Krikorian, 1983), or to bring about or reinforce responses normally attributed to cytokinin action. It is not active in the soybean callus bioassay. Benefits are often only noticed when adenine is administered together with a cytokinin such as kinetin, or BA. Adenosine and adenylic acid can sometimes act in the same way as adenine (Skoog and Tsui, 1948; Nitsch et al., 1967) but they are generally even less effective. Adenine is known as Vitamin B4. In some papers on tissue culture it is listed amongst the vitamin components of a medium. 8.1. EMBRYOGENESIS AND CAULOGENESIS Halperin and Wetherell (1964) noted that 2 mg/l adenine or 0.2 mg/l kinetin could be used instead of coconut milk in various media for stimulating embryogenesis in carrot callus. Since then, adenine has been added to media in amounts ranging from 2 to 405 mg/l (but more usually 40-80 mg/l) to promote somatic embryo formation in other callus cultures (Nag and Johri, 1969; Danilina, 1972; Pareek and Chandra, 1978b; Phillips and Collins, 1980; Reynolds et al., 1980). In the presence of other recognised cytokinins, adenine frequently promotes adventitious shoot formation, indirectly from callus (Plummer and Leopold, 1957; Earle and Torrey, 1965; Thorpe and Murashige, 1968; Beach and Smith, 1979; Xiang-can et al., 1989), or directly from explants (Ziv et al., 1970; Start and Cumming, 1976; Seabrook et al., 1976; Nickerson, 1978; Rao and Bapat, 1978). It inhibits root initiation (Doerschug and Miller, 1967) but has been reported to stimulate the growth of preformed roots of Citrus embryoids (Kochba et al., 1974) and lupin seedlings (Fries, 1960) in a similar fashion to low levels of cytokinin.
Vitamin B4 also known as Adenine is the member of the Vitamin B-Complex family. Vitamin B4 is also one of the water-soluble vitamins. Adenine is a compound that acts as a co-enzyme with other compounds such as vitamins and helpful in produceing energy. Adenine is the one of the nitrogenous bases of DNA also helpful in making code for DNA and is very important component of the DNA. It is a purine. Adenine forms a bond with thiamine in the DNA. This vitamin B4 also forms a part of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is important in the transport of energy between many reactions and also forms adenosine which plays an important role in various biochemical processes. It enables the change of phosphate group which then provide energy which is very necessary for various cellular reactions and for cells’ life.
A possible growth regulatory effect caused by adenine (18) was first noted by Bonner and Haagen-Smit (1939) and Bonner et al. (1939), who found that the compound promoted an expansion in the area of leaf discs floated on sugar solutions. Other regulatory properties of the compound were later demonstrated by Skoog and Tsui (1948), Jacquiot (1951) and Miller and Skoog (1953), who discovered that it could induce bud formation in both tobacco stem segments and elm and tobacco callus in vitro. The activity of adenine is much less than that of the true cytokinins, and 25-100 times the concentration (e.g. 600 mM vs. 20 mM kinetin - Khanna and Chopra, 1977) may be required to produce similar results. Despite the subsequent discovery of cytokinin activity in adenine derivatives, adenine itself is still often used in cultures from which plant regeneration is required. It seems sometimes to improve growth (Nwankwo and Krikorian, 1983), or to bring about or reinforce responses normally attributed to cytokinin action. It is not active in the soybean callus bioassay. Benefits are often only noticed when adenine is administered together with a cytokinin such as kinetin, or BA. Adenosine and adenylic acid can sometimes act in the same way as adenine (Skoog and Tsui, 1948; Nitsch et al., 1967) but they are generally even less effective. Adenine is known as Vitamin B4. In some papers on tissue culture it is listed amongst the vitamin components of a medium. 8.1. EMBRYOGENESIS AND CAULOGENESIS Halperin and Wetherell (1964) noted that 2 mg/l adenine or 0.2 mg/l kinetin could be used instead of coconut milk in various media for stimulating embryogenesis in carrot callus. Since then, adenine has been added to media in amounts ranging from 2 to 405 mg/l (but more usually 40-80 mg/l) to promote somatic embryo formation in other callus cultures (Nag and Johri, 1969; Danilina, 1972; Pareek and Chandra, 1978b; Phillips and Collins, 1980; Reynolds et al., 1980). In the presence of other recognised cytokinins, adenine frequently promotes adventitious shoot formation, indirectly from callus (Plummer and Leopold, 1957; Earle and Torrey, 1965; Thorpe and Murashige, 1968; Beach and Smith, 1979; Xiang-can et al., 1989), or directly from explants (Ziv et al., 1970; Start and Cumming, 1976; Seabrook et al., 1976; Nickerson, 1978; Rao and Bapat, 1978). It inhibits root initiation (Doerschug and Miller, 1967) but has been reported to stimulate the growth of preformed roots of Citrus embryoids (Kochba et al., 1974) and lupin seedlings (Fries, 1960) in a similar fashion to low levels of cytokinin.
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copied and pasted better English also!!LOL
