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Hash Oil Wikipedia Article

SkyHighLer

Got me a stone bad Mana
ICMag Donor
Veteran
The Wikipedia article on hash oil is at this time inaccurate and incomplete.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_oil


I tried adding a quote from the Brotherhood of Eternal Love Senate Judiciary Subcommittee Hearing report yesterday along with facts from The History of BHO ICMAG thread, but my contribution was automatically undone by the monitor program, I don't know if it was the links or what.

These are the links I used in the references,

https://www.scribd.com/document/21962123/Brotherhood-of-Eternal-Love

https://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread.php?t=333838


Here's the current entry:

Hash oil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hash oil is an oleoresin obtained by the extraction of cannabis or hashish. It is a concentrated form of the plant containing many of its resins and terpenes – in particular, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and other cannabinoids. There are a variety of extraction methods, but most involve a solvent such as butane or ethanol. Hash oil is usually consumed by smoking, vaporizing or eating but sometimes other methods are employed. Hash oil, sold in cartridges, is used by pen vaporizers to discreetly smoke in public.[citation needed]

Hash oil is an extracted cannabis product that may utilize any part of the plant. Ideally, the final product will not contain any residual traces of solvents. It is generally thought to be indistinct from traditional hashish according to the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (Schedule I and IV) as it is "the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant".

Preparations of hash oil may be solid or colloidal depending on both production method and temperature and are usually referred to by their appearance or characteristics. Range of color, most commonly golden to light brown, can vary from transparent to yellow, tan, to black.

Cannabis dispensaries in California have reported about 40% of their sales are from cannabis oils.[1]


Composition[edit]
The tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of hash oil varies tremendously, since the manufacturers use a varying assortment of marijuana plants and preparation techniques. Dealers sometimes cut hash oils with other oils.[2][3]

Hash oils seized in the 1970s had a THC contents ranging from 10 to 30%. The oil available on the U.S. West Coast in 1974 averaged about 15% THC.[2] Samples seized across the United States by the Drug Enforcement Administration over an 18-year period (1980–1997) showed that THC content in hashish and hashish oil averaging 12.9% and 17.4%, respectively, did not show an increase over time.[4] The highest THC concentrations measured were 52.9% in hashish and 47.0% in hash oil.[5] Hash oils in use in the 2010s had THC concentrations as high as 90%[6][7] and other products achieving higher concentrations [8]

The following compounds were found in naphtha extracts of Bedrocan Dutch medical cannabis:[9]

Cannabinoids: THC (~ 30%) and THCA (~ 60%).
Monoterpenes (~ 5%): β-pinene, myrcene, β-phellandrene, cis-ocimene, terpinolene, and terpineol.
Sesquiterpenes (~ 5%): β-caryophyllene, humulene, δ-guaiene, γ-cadinene, eudesma-3,7(11)-diene, and elemene.
The form of the extract varies depending on the process used; it may be liquid, a clear amber solid (called “shatter"), a sticky semisolid substance (called "wax"), or a brittle honeycombed solid (called "honeycomb wax").[10]


History[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2018)
Traditional ice-water separated hashish production utilizes water as a solvent, though this method still leaves much residual plant matter and is therefore poorly suited for full vaporization.

Project MKUltra, the Central Intelligence Agency project investigating interrogations utilizing narcotics, involved the use of liquid cannabis[11] as a truth serum.[12] The details of these preparations were likely destroyed with other documentation from the project.

So called "butane honey oil" was available briefly in the 1970's.[13][1] This product was made in Kabul, Afghanistan and smuggled into the United States by the Brotherhood of Eternal Love. Production is thought to have ceased when the facility was destroyed in an explosion.

Gold described the use of alcohol and activated charcoal in honey oil production by 1989,[14] and Michael Starks further detailed procedures and various solvents by 1990.[15]

Colorado and Washington began licensing hash oil extraction operations in 2014.[1]


Use[edit]
Hash oil is consumed usually by smoking, ingestion, or vaporization.[10] Smoking or vaporizing hash oil is known colloquially as "dabbing",[10] from the English verb to daub (Dutch dabben, French dauber), "to smear with something adhesive".[16] Dabbing devices include special kinds of water pipes ("oil rigs"), and vaporizers similar in design to electronic cigarettes.[10] Oil rigs include a glass water pipe and a hollow tube (called a "nail"), with an indentation on the side which is sometimes covered with a dome.[10] The pipe is often heated with a blowtorch rather than a cigarette lighter.[10]


Production[edit]
Hash oil is produced by solvent extraction (maceration, infusion or percolation) of marijuana or hashish. After filtering and evaporating the solvent, a sticky resinous liquid with a strong herbal odor (remarkably different from the peculiar odor of hemp) remains.[2][17]

Fresh, undried plant material is less suited for hash oil production, because much THC and CBD will be present in their carboxylic acid forms (THCA and CBDA), which may not be highly soluble in some solvents.[2] The acids are decarboxylated during drying and heating (smoking).

A wide variety of solvents can be used for extraction, such as chloroform, dichloromethane, petroleum ether, naphtha, benzene, butane, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and olive oil.[2][9] Currently, resinoids are often obtained by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide. The alcohols extract undesirable water-soluble substances such as chlorophylls and sugars (which can be removed later by washing with water). Non-polar solvents such as benzene, chloroform and petroleum ether will not extract the water-soluble constituents of marijuana or hashish while still producing hash oil. In general, non-polar cannabis extracts taste much better than polar extracts. Alkali washing further improves the odor and taste.

The oil may be further refined by 1) alkali washing, or removing the heavy aromatic carboxylic acids with antibiotic properties, which may cause heartburn, gallbladder and pancreas irritation, and resistance to hemp antibiotics; 2) conversion of CBD to THC. Process 1) consists of dissolving the oil in a nonpolar solvent such as petroleum ether, repeatedly washing (saponifying) with a base such as sodium carbonate solution until the yellow residue disappears from the watery phase, decanting, and washing with water to remove the base and the saponified components (and evaporating the solvents). This process reduces the oil yield, but the resulting oil is less acidic, easier digestible and much more potent (almost pure THC). Process 2) consists of dissolving the oil in a suitable solvent such as absolute ethanol containing 0.05% hydrochloric acid, and boiling the mixture for 2 hours.[18]

One pound of marijuana yields from 1/5 to 1/10 of a pound of hash oil.[17] The oil may retain considerable residual solvent: oil extracted with longer-chain volatile hydrocarbons (such as naphtha) is less viscous (thinner) than oil extracted with short-chain hydrocarbons (such as butane).[9]

Colored impurities from the oil can be removed by adding activated charcoal to about one third to one half the weight or volume of the solvent containing the dissolved oil, mixing well, filtering, and evaporating the solvent.[2] When decolorizing fatty oils, oil retention can be up to 50 wt % on bleaching earths and nearly 100 wt % on activated charcoal.[19]


Legality[edit]
Possession or manufacture of cannabis and cannabis extracts is illegal in most jurisdictions. People caught with small amounts of extracts can face extremely harsh prison sentences. As of 2017 in some regions of the United States mandatory minimums of a year in jail still exist. However, it is widely produced in states where cannabis has been legalized.[1]


Safety[edit]


Use[edit]
As of 2015 the health effects of using hash oil were poorly documented. Cannabis extracts have less plant matter and create less harmful smoke, however, trace amounts of impurities are not generally regarded as safe (GRAS).[10]
Production[edit]
Most of the solvents employed vaporize quickly and are flammable, making the extraction process dangerous. Several explosion and fire incidents related to hash oil manufacturing attempts in homes have been reported.[17]

Solvents used to extract THC are flammable or combustible and have resulted in explosions, fires, severe injuries, and deaths.[20][21][7][22][23][24]


Handling[edit]
The LD50 for THC (Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol) is not precisely known. Hash oil can contain up to 80% THC though up to 99% with other methods of extraction. While health issues of the lungs may be exacerbated by use of hash oil, it is not known to cause side effects not already found in other preparations of cannabis.[citation needed]
Hash oil is not very lipophilic and it may however ooze through and swell common glove materials such as natural rubber, except polar materials such as cellulose film, neoprene and nitrile rubber.[citation needed]


Storage[edit]
When exposed to air, warmth and light (especially without antioxidants), the oil loses its taste and psychoactivity due to aging. Cannabinoid carboxylic acids (THCA, CBDA, and maybe others) have an antibiotic effect on gram-positive bacteria such as (penicillin-resistant) Staphylococcus aureus, but gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli are unaffected.[25]


See also[edit]
Cannabis flower essential oil
 

SkyHighLer

Got me a stone bad Mana
ICMag Donor
Veteran
I posted this in the Talk section of the article under Unbelievable,

I tried a couple of edits yesterday before I became a registered user today, but they were undone by the automated monitoring system. I don't know if it was the content or the links I included in the references that was the problem. The two subjects I found unbelievable were the THC concentration percentages, and the history of BHO, butane honey/hash oil. To address these concerns I quoted the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee Hearing report on the Brotherhood of Eternal Love (90% THC in the early '70's - according to Stark the Brotherhood used fractional distillation to achieve this, not butane extraction.) Here is the link I included in the reference, https://www.scribd.com/document/21962123/Brotherhood-of-Eternal-Love Also quoted was the post from 1998 of freejon describing how to extract with butane, the reference was my thread at ICMAG Concentrate Forums titled The History of BHO, https://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread.php?t=333838 Afaik neither link has copywrite issues, I'm sorry if I don't understand the problem with their inclusion. JohnSchuyler (talk) 19:03, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Hash_oil
 

SkyHighLer

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Rather than attempting to 'fix' the original article (it should probably be rewritten top to bottom,) I'm commenting at the Talk page, I added these today,


Health risks
Regarding the toxicity and detectability of residual butane in butane honey/hash oil the facts and arguments are presented in a thread at ICMAG Concentrate Forums titled "At what ppm can you taste butane?" https://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread.php?t=348869 SkyHighLer JohnSchuyler (talk) 21:40, 11 July 2018 (UTC)


History
"Gold described the use of alcohol and activated charcoal in honey oil production by 1989,[14]" The book referenced, Cannabis Alchemy by D Gold has basically been the same since it was first published in 1973, Michael Stark's work was published a little later as Marijuana Potency, later changed to Marijuana Chemistry. Both Gold's and Stark's work should continue to be referenced in the article. The honey oil process described by Gold is an ethanol extraction followed by a low boiling point petroleum ether (pentane/hexane) wash, an activated carbon filtering step is suggested for further refinement. JohnSchuyler (talk) 22:18, 11 July 2018 (UTC)
 
Last edited:

SkyHighLer

Got me a stone bad Mana
ICMag Donor
Veteran
There isn't even a single mention of rosin, and it's definitely honey oil, as hash in it's various forms is categorized up to full melt, and hash/honey oil is a super melt in that below combustion temperatures it fully vaporizes in a flash leaving little to nothing behind.

The links I posted on the Talk page haven't been removed, so at least someone who goes to make an edit, and is responsible by first reading through the Talk page will visit ICMAG Concentrate Forums and be dissuaded before adding more hearsay and urban legends.
 

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