dizzlekush
Member
The intention of this thread is to explore the possibility of using 6-Benzylaminopurine, (also called benzyladenine, and from here on out referred to as BAP), a synthetic cytokinin, to increase the bud-set and productivity of marijuana, along with several other possible uses. To aid in this process i have gathered a fairly extensive amount of literature on the horticultural applications of BAP. Unfortunately do to lack of technical prowess and a 1MB file size limit on files to upload, not all information can be shared. If anyone has any other studies or literature of a scientific nature about BAP that i do not have included, id appreciate it if you could share said information. Id like to make this the most complete compilation of information about BAP that can be accessed without money or affiliations.
The main reason I am looking at BAP over other cytokinins is due to its lack of storage requirements, its ability to stay active in solution for an extended amount of time, and its high level of phyto-activity compared to other cytokinins. I have looked over what patents i could find that were disclosing the details and formulations of commercial BAP formulations, and out of that research i've made a very simple BAP formulation consisting of BAP, potassium hydroxide and methanol. If anyone wants to possibly formulate a similar solution they can PM me, but first look up the dangers of working with methanol and potassium hydroxide as both have the potential to blind and possibly kill you or cause other permanent damage.
All articles are provided in full in the attachments below. The abstract of each article has been publicly displayed for your convenience.
The main reason I am looking at BAP over other cytokinins is due to its lack of storage requirements, its ability to stay active in solution for an extended amount of time, and its high level of phyto-activity compared to other cytokinins. I have looked over what patents i could find that were disclosing the details and formulations of commercial BAP formulations, and out of that research i've made a very simple BAP formulation consisting of BAP, potassium hydroxide and methanol. If anyone wants to possibly formulate a similar solution they can PM me, but first look up the dangers of working with methanol and potassium hydroxide as both have the potential to blind and possibly kill you or cause other permanent damage.
All articles are provided in full in the attachments below. The abstract of each article has been publicly displayed for your convenience.
Benzyladenine Affects Cell Division and Cell Size during Apple Fruit Thinning
Paul T. Wismer and J.T.A. Proctor
"Benzyladenine (BA), carbaryl (CB), daminozide (DM), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied postbloom as fruitlet thinning agents to mature ‘Empire’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. BA, NAA, and CB reduced fruit set and yield per tree, and increased fruit size, percent dry weight, soluble solidscontent and return bloom. Fruit size was reduced, return bloom, length : diameter ratio and flesh firmness were increased, and fruit set and yield unaltered by DM. Although fruit set and yield were similar for BA, NAA, and CB, BA treated fruit were larger, indicating that BA increased fruit size beyond the effect attributable to chemical thinning alone. BA increased the rate of cell layer formation in the fruit cortex, indicating that BA stimulated cortical cell division. NAA, CB and DM had no effect on cell division rate. Mean cortical cell diameter at harvest was increased by NAA and CB and reduced by DM. Cell diameter at harvest in BA-treated fruit was similar to the control. These data support the hypothesis that BA-induced fruit size increase in ‘Empire’ apple results from greater numbers of cells in the fruit cortex, whereas the fruit size increase due to NAA or CB is a consequence of larger cell size."
Benzyladenine Treatment Significantly Increases the Seed Yield of the Biofuel Plant Jatropha curcas
Bang-Zhen Pan & Zeng-Fu Xu
"Jatropha curcas, a monoecious perennial bio- fuel shrub belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, has few female flowers, which is one of the most important reasons for its poor seed yield. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of the plant growth regulator 6-benzyladenine (BA) on floral development and floral sex determination of J. curcas. Exogenous application of BA significantly increased the total number of flowers per inflorescence, reaching a 3.6-fold increase (from 215 to 784) at 160 mg/l of BA. Furthermore, BA treatments induced bisexual flowers, which were not found in control inflorescences, and a substantial increase in the female- to-male flower ratio. Consequently, a 4.5-fold increase in fruit number and a 3.3-fold increase in final seed yield were observed in inflorescences treated with 160 mg/L of BA, which resulted from the greater number of female flowers and the newly induced bisexual flowers in BA-treated inflorescences. This study indicates that the seed yield of J. curcas can be increased by manipulation of floral development and floral sex expression."
Cytokinin Regulation of Flower and Pod Set in Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
L. NAGEL, R. BREWSTER, W. E. RIEDELL and R. N. REESE
"Exogenous application of cytokinin to raceme tissues of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) has been shown to stimulate flower production and to prevent flower abortion. The effects of these hormone applications have been ascertained for treated tissues, but the effects of cytokinins on total seed yields in treated plants have not been evaluated. Our objectives were to examine the effects of systemic cytokinin applications on soybean yields using an experimental line of soybeans, SD-87001, that has been shown to be highly sensitive to exogenous cytokinin application. Soybeans were grown hydroponically or in pots in the greenhouse, and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) was introduced into the xylem stream through a cotton wick for 2 weeks during anthesis. After the plants had matured, the number of pods, seeds per pod, and the total seed weight per plant were measured. In the greenhouse, application of 3.4 X 10^7 moles of BA resulted in a 79 % increase in seed yield compared with controls. Results of field trials showed much greater variability within treatments, with consistent, but non-significant increases in seed number and total yields of about 3%. Data suggest that cytokinin levels play a significant role in determining total yield in soybeans, and that increasing cytokinin concentrations in certain environments may result in increased total seed production."
Effect of benzyl amino purine (BAP), coconut milk (CM) and manure applications on leaf senescence and yield in photoperiod sensitive cowpea variety (Kanannado)
F. B. Mukhtar, M. Mohammed and A. H. Ajeigbe
"The relationship between leaf senescence in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.] and yield was studied in pot grown population of a local variety, kanannado. Treatments comprising of farm yard manure (single and double application), 200 ppm benzyl amino purine (BAP), 15% coconut milk (CM) and a combination of both manure and the hormones were also applied to determine their effects on senescence and yield. The experiment was carried out at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (I.I.T.A), Kano station, Nigeria. Chlorophyll level was increased by all the treatments with greater increase in the 200ppm BAP and 15% CM treated plants. The level of chlorophyll also decreased with increase in age of the cowpea plants. Senescence commenced earlier and progressed faster in the manure treated plants while it was significantly delayed by 200ppm BAP and 15% CM. Fodder and grain yields were greater in all the treated cowpea plants compared with the control. Interactive effects were observed in the combined treatments (manure +15% coconut milk and manure +200 ppm BAP) as chlorophyll increased above that of manure and control plants. Also senescence process was delayed and yield was increased. The study suggests that leaf senescence in the photoperiod sensitive cowpea could be delayed by application of 200 ppm BAP, 15% CM and a combination of manure +15% CM and manure +200 ppm BAP and the delayed senescence resulted in increase in yield."
Effect of Foliar Application of Zinc and Benzyladenine on Growth, Yield and Chemical Constituents of Tuberose Plants
Rawia A. Eid, R.Kh.M. Khalifa and S.H.A. Shaaban
"This study was conducted in Oseim district, Giza governorate, during the two successive seasons of 2007 and 2008, to investigate the effect of zinc sulphate and benzyladenine foliar application on the flowers, yield and some chemical constituents of Polianthes tuberosa L. plants. The soil of the experiments was clay loam in texture, tented to alkalinity in reaction and had low content of zinc. Plants were sprayed three times with Benzyladenine (BA) (N-6-benzylaminoacid at (25, 50 and 100 ppm) and zinc sulphate at (0.75, 1.50 and 3 g/l). All studied parameters of flowering characteristics, number of bulblets/plant and fresh weight of bulbet and bulblet / plant were significantly increased by foliar spraying of zinc (Zn) or benzyladenine (BA), at all investigated rates over the control. The increase of Zn or BA rates from the lower to the middle rates significantly increased all floral characters and further increments of either Zn or BA rates had no significant effect or declined some of the investigated flowering traits and bulbets yield. The interaction between Zn and BA had significant effect on flowering and bulbs characteristics of tuberose. Zn foliar application significantly increased N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu content in plant organs, with the exception of K in flowers and P in bulbs also. Total carbohydrate contents of different tuberose plant organs and flowers oil percentage were significantly increased with Zn and or BA foliar spraying. The highest total carbohydrates content of different plant organs and flowers oil percentage resulted from the combination of 3.0g Zn/l with 100 ppm BA, and 1.5g Zn/l with 50 ppm BA, respectively. Component of essential oil of tuberose was analyzed."
Effects of different nitrogen forms and combination with foliar spraying with 6-benzylaminopurine on growth, transpiration, and water and potassium uptake and flow in tobacco
Guoying Wang, Chunjian Li & Fusuo Zhang
"NH4+-N can have inhibitory effects on plant growth. However, the mechanisms of these inhibitory effects are still poorly understood. In this study, effects of different N forms and a combination of ammonium + 6- benzylaminopurine (6-BA, a synthetic cytokinin) on growth, transpiration, uptake and flow of water and potassium in 88-days-old tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. K 326) plants were studied over a period of 12 days. Plants were supplied with equal amounts of N in different forms: NO3−, NH4NO3, NH4+ or NH4++6-BA (foliar spraying every 2 days after onset of the treatments). For determining flows and partitioning upper, middle and lower strata of three leaves each were analysed. During the 12 days study period, 50% replacement of NO3−-N by NH4+-N (NH4NO3) did not change growth, transpiration, uptake and flow of water and K+ compared with the NO3−-N treatment. However, NH4+-N as the sole N-source caused: (i) a substantial decrease in dry weight gain to 42% and 46% of the NO3−-N and NH4NO3 treatments, respectively; (ii) a marked reduction in transpiration rate, due to reduced stomatal conductance, illustrated by more negative leaf carbon-isotope discrimination (δ13C) compared with the NO3− treatment, especially in upper leaves; (iii) a strong reduction both in total water uptake, and in the rate of water uptake by roots, likely due to a decrease in root hydraulic conductivity; (iv) a marked reduction of K+ uptake to 10%. Under NH4+ nutrition the middle leaves accumulated 143%, and together with upper leaves 206% and the stem 227% of the K+ currently taken up, indicating massive mobilisation of K+ from lower leaves and even the roots. Phloem retranslocation of K+ from the shoot and cycling through the root contributed 67% to the xylem transport of K+, and this was 2.2 times more than concurrent uptake. Foliar 6-BA application could not suppress or reverse the inhibitory effects on growth, transpiration, uptake and flow of water and ions (K+) caused by NH4+-N treatment, although positive effects by 6-BA application were observed, even when 6-BA (10−8M) was supplied in nutrient solution daily with watering. Possible roles ofc ytokinin to regulate growth and development of NH4+- fed plants are discussed."
Effects of foliar application of BAP on source and sink strength in four six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars
Shahab Maddah Hosseini & Kazem Poustini & Ali Ahmadi
"A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar application of a synthetic cytokinin (BAP) on source and sink strength of four different six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. Different spraying treatments consisting of spraying on whole plant, spraying only on leaves and spraying only on ears started at anthesis and continued for 7 days. One additional spraying was carried out on late period of grain filling. Results showed that spraying only on leaves did not affect ear weight, grain yield and 1,000-grain weight, while the two other treatments increased all above mentioned traits. Neither of treatments affected stem weight, biological yield and contribution of stem reserves in grain filling. Exogenous cytokinin did not increase photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content in treated leaves until late period of grain filling, although there was no significant increase in final grain weight due to late application of BAP. Our results suggested that effects of foliar application of BAP were mostly due to increased sink size soon after anthesis and increased sink demand probably met by current photosynthesis of organs other than leaves, like ear green tissues."
Effects of foliar applied benzyladenine on grain yield and grain protein in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
DANIEL O. CALDIZ, JOSE BELTRANO, LAURA V. FERNANDEZ, SANTIAGO J. SARANDON and CARLOS FAVORETTI
"The effects of foliar applications of nitrogen and benzyladenine (BA) on grain yield and grain protein of wheat grown under field conditions were studied over 2 years with 5 cultivars at2 locations. Nitrogen (N) at 20kg.ha-',and BA at 100 or 800 mg.l-'were applied alone or combined at pre and post-anthesis ; applications of BA at 8 mg.l-'were also made on individual ears in order to study the effect on cell number . Weekly determinations of the chlorophyll content of the flag leaf were conducted after anthesis to study leaf senescence . At harvest, yield, yield components and grain protein percentage were determined. N and BA applications delayed chlorophyll loss in the flag leaf, but modified neither yield nor yield components. Foliarly applied BA increased grain protein in four of the five cultivars tested . It is concluded that delay of the senescence induced by BA might allow more energy to be available for N uptake by the crop leading to an increase in grain protein."
Influence of 6-Benzylaminopurine on Fruit-Set and Seed Development in Two Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Genotypes
KEVIN E. CROSBY, LOUIS H. AUNG, AND GLENN R. Buss
"The influence of 6-benzylamnopurine (BA) on the premature abscission of of developing soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. fruits of 2 genotypes was studied. BA was aplied during the critical period of fruit-setting. The tested concentration range of BA was from 1 micromolar to 5 milimolar; 2 mllimolar was optimal. Spray application of 2 millimolar BA to terminal inflorescences at the Rs developmental stage of field-grown soybeans significantly increased fuit-set and seed yield of the Shore genotype during
three growing seasons. In contrast, the Essex genotype gave significant responses two out of three seasons. The response of Shore was generally more pronounced than that of Essex. The apical fruits on the inflorescences gave the greatest response to BA. Seed weight increase was apparent 3-4 weeks after BA treatment."
Response of Some White Maize Hybrids to Foliar Spray with Benzyl Adenine
Amin, A.A., El. Sh. M. Rashad, M.S. Hassanein and Nabila, M. Zaki
"Two field experiments were carried out at the experimental station of the National Research Centre at Shalakan Kalubia Governorate during the two successive seasons of 2005 and 2006 to study the response of some white maize hybrids to foliar spray with benzyl adenine. The results showed that there were significant differences between maize hybrids (S.C. 10, S.C. 123, S.C. 124, T.W. 310, T.W. 321, T.W. 322, T.W. 323 and T.W. 324) in growth characters at different stages of growth as well as photosynthetic pigments in the blades at 60, 75 and 90 days from sowing ( except chl. b at 60 and 75 days from sowing). In addition, there were significant differences between maize hybrids in yield and its components ( except number of rows / ear and harvest index). Foliar application of benzyl adenine ( 50 and 100 mg/l) caused significant increase in growth characters and photosynthetic pigments in blades at different stages of growth. Increasing concentration of benzyl adenine from 50 to 100 mg/l accompanied with significant increase in yield and its components ( except number of rows / ear and harvest index). Interaction between maize hybrids and benzyl adenine concentrations caused significant increase in plant height at silky and milky ripe stages, stem diameter at milky and ripe stages, 4th leaf area at silky and milky stages, dry weight / plant at silky and milky stages, chl. a and b at milky stages, total carotenoids at milky and ripe stages, as well as, 100 grain weight and grain yield / plant at harvest. The response of maize hybrids was raising under higher concentration of benzyl adenine (100 mg / l ) than the lower ones ( 50 mg / l ) especially S.C. 10 for the highest grain index ( 100-grain weight ) and grain yield / plant over the other maize hybrids or untreated plants."
Attachments
-
Benzyladenine Affects Cell Division and Cell Size during Apple Fruit Thinning.pdf100.2 KB · Views: 98
-
Response of Some White Maize Hybrids to Foliar Spray with Benzyl Adenine.pdf119.7 KB · Views: 76
-
Influence of 6-Benzylaminopurine on Fruit-Set and Seed Development in Two Soybean, Glycine max (.pdf843.5 KB · Views: 93
-
Effects of foliar applied benzyladenine on grain yield and grain protein in wheat (Triticum aest.pdf363.2 KB · Views: 95
-
Effects of foliar application of BAP on source and sink strength in four six-rowed barley (Horde.pdf222.9 KB · Views: 74
-
Effects of different nitrogen forms and combination with foliar spraying with 6-benzylaminopurin.pdf388.9 KB · Views: 74
-
Effect of Foliar Application of Zinc and Benzyladenine on Growth, Yield and Chemical Constituent.pdf55.7 KB · Views: 77
-
Effect of benzyl amino purine (BAP), coconut milk (CM) and manure applications on leaf senescenc.pdf143 KB · Views: 83
-
Cytokinin Regulation of Flower and Pod Set in Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.).pdf140.5 KB · Views: 72
-
Benzyladenine Treatment Significantly Increases the Seed Yield of the Biofuel Plant Jatropha cur.pdf748.2 KB · Views: 74