CBD: Expensive, Very Expensive- or Free?

[Olifant]

Assuming CBNA is a natural product and what you had read or heard wasn't a mistake either in the analytical technique or in their conveyance of the message, I would say that it is most likely not a direct result of the plant's biosynthesis but rather a minor product produced in trace quantities from degradation of THCA under certain conditions. I wouldnt be terribly surprised that in some conditions which foster degradation of THC to CBN, ruptured or senescent glandular trichomes combined with heat and oxygen, a very small amount of THCA would desaturate into CBNA. Although cannabis does produce desturase enzymes which are fairly indescriminate in their desaturation of fatty acids so I suppose it is unlikely but possible that in seeded cannabis the enzymes may desaturate a small amount of THCA. In this case it would be a direct result of the plant's metabolism as opposed to a product resulting from the action of environment on a secondary metabolite

Stoxx, I totally disagree about Californian cannabis. I've been here three years in the bay area and 99% of what I've seen was garbage. A ton of super dense rock hard resin covered garbage. People here tend to equate density with quality because that miniscule fraction of the gene pool which Sam bred here 30 years ago (not knocking sam by any means) is work that out of laziness and stupidity noone here has really been able to improve upon. They just tap the resource of his work by finding individuals the are increasingly more able to fit their commodity definition of quality. If all you know is that tiny fraction of the gene pool then yes density is indicative of better plants, yes grapey scented purples are often sedating, but for the species that is very far from the case. I have some urkle GSC and cherry pie mom's that people here love and I only grow them because I'm forced to but would never smoke their product. It's just a buzzy high that produces a vague sense of tiredness. They call anything a sativa, chem D for example. It's the only place I've been where people prefer that you don't cure because they don't like the darker more olive and brownish coloration of thoroughly cured produce, simply because theyre so used to overproduced brite colored herb where everyone is so concerned about a buck theyre scared to risk mold by doing a proper cure. Anything over 11 weeks is a pure sativa here, hell, I have a 12 week broad leafed afghan. Personally there's very little under 14 weeks I'd call a sativa, most of the keepers are in the 16-24 week range. In Cali cannabis is a commodity and I really feel it's the center for the destruction of the species if we're being honest.

 

[village green]

I read that Shulgin may have one last book in him. It would be great if he has been working with the cannabinoids but I seem to recall his aversion to cannabis, at least in some respects.

 

[Olifant]

Maybe volume 2 (tryptamines) of the Shulgin Index will come out before he dies. He's every bit of 87 and is just trying to stay out of a nursing home.

Hemp as it grows locally (midwest) is more diverse and contains more exceptional individuals than given credit for. High-THC plants are scattered around, and there's all kinds of smells, high resin content, indica-types, it's all there. Diverse Cannabis gene pools were imported to the local ag experiment station way back when it was still legal, maybe pollen made it outside the boundaries. It is assumed in this thread that the genetic diversity in selected hemp individuals as opposed to inbred strains is undesirable and much work needs to be done to slough it all off to get interesting high-CBD seeds, I'm not buying that yet. One of the best plants I ever grew ("#8"), 25 years ago, was more than half ditchweed, the rest 1983 Mex bagseed. The result of a first attempt at breeding by a random white trash teen in Bumfuck, Nowhere. My entire seed collection was confiscated months later.

GC/MS or TLC is not needed for estimating CBD, and like everything else, using the Beam reaction to test hundreds of samples at once benefits from economies of scale. Despite what seed-sellers would like you to believe, a PhD is not necessary to be a Shulgin of Cannabis. It's just easier to look to someone else to take on the mantle and provide your seeds for you.

Shulgin, after all, mostly just followed known methods to make unknown compounds that anyone could have made if they were interested in doing so. His real fame comes from being the lab rat.

The chemical diversity in feral american cannabis is very dependent upon the specific region and what you've stated doesnt surprise me at all. Feral hemp also has the benefit of very efficient use of soil fertility and amazing resistances to pests and pathogens, in part because hemp breeding has been more conscious of pest and pathogen resistances and in part because feral crops in general do a surprisingly good job of developing and maintaining pest and pathogen resistances. Also, contrary to what may seem to be the logical conclusion they are generally quite adept at maintaining genetic diversity. Like you, I have seen some very nice olfactory types in feral american hemp. However, much although far from all feral american hemp is derived from the last year of the Hemp For Victory program and is one cultivar which was bred to be nonpsychoactiv although probably nowhere near as low in cannabinoid production as modern UN approved hemp varieties. Before the hemp for victory program there was a couple decades of hemp eradication and no legal hemp cultivation. The legal hemp from the era before the hemp for victory program however was from very diverse origins, some being wide leafed culinary and/or fiber varieties from central southern and east asian origin and most definitely some was able to produce apprciable quantities of THC or even had a history of breeding for psychoactivity.

Kentucky Hemp for example was thus called because it was bred in kentucky and further south and bred to be as delayed as possible in its critical night length. During this era they employed late flowering varieties and lower latitudes as a means to produce cultivars that could be pushed as long as possible into the growing season in the midwest without flowering and lignifying and ruining the fibers. This would imply the use of tropical or at least lower latitude breeding stock where the Bd gene is not common.

 

[headband 707]

Abstract
Cannabis sativa is the source of a unique set of compounds known collectively as plant cannabinoids or phytocannabinoids. This review focuses on the manner with which three of these compounds, (-)-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), (-)-cannabidiol (CBD) and (-)-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (delta9-THCV), interact with cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Delta9-THC, the main psychotropic constituent of cannabis, is a CB1 and CB2 receptor partial agonist and in line with classical pharmacology, the responses it elicits appear to be strongly influenced both by the expression level and signalling efficiency of cannabinoid receptors and by ongoing endogenous cannabinoid release. CBD displays unexpectedly high potency as an antagonist of CB1/CB2 receptor agonists in CB1- and CB2-expressing cells or tissues, the manner with which it interacts with CB2 receptors providing a possible explanation for its ability to inhibit evoked immune cell migration. Delta9-THCV behaves as a potent CB2 receptor partial agonist in vitro. In contrast, it antagonizes cannabinoid receptor agonists in CB1-expressing tissues. This it does with relatively high potency and in a manner that is both tissue and ligand dependent. Delta9-THCV also interacts with CB1 receptors when administered in vivo, behaving either as a CB1 antagonist or, at higher doses, as a CB1 receptor agonist. Brief mention is also made in this review, first of the production by delta9-THC of pharmacodynamic tolerance, second of current knowledge about the extent to which delta9-THC, CBD and delta9-THCV interact with pharmacological targets other than CB1 or CB2 receptors, and third of actual and potential therapeutic applications for each of these cannabinoids.

 

[Chimera]

Firstly, thanks Olifant for correcting me that the Bnull mutation leads to a CBG dominant chemotype, not a cannabinoid free type. I was merely trying to counter the claims made here and elsewhere that hemp is not a good source for CBD and that most hemp varieties grown worldwide are cannabinoid free, and I was not careful with my choice of words. Thank you for setting the record straight.

chimmie elephant lay chemical expert asparagus horticulturalist. I won't justify this nonsense by going through your rhetoric point by point just to prove how wrong you are. your own posts speak against you more than anything I can say.

Do you even have any idea which person you are speaking to, or is every other poster just an adversary that you feel the need to smite?? Every post I have seen you make you are attacking someone, or trying to make your point by attempting to prove them wrong with some discussion irrelevant to the topic, or commenting on what you surmise about them personally. It's not worth the effort to go trough point by point and correct you, because it never ends, and you clearly have hours to write on the internet, which some of us don't - growing more than a closet full.

After reading your posts on various fora, I'm really believing your credibility less and less. You talk about so many topics as if you are an expert, but really you just have an opinion, and in many cases your opinions are misguided at best, and outright BS at worst- this is my estimation from your input on topics of which I'm very familiar. These spurious claims of yours that I'm advocating breeding hemp to drug canna as the best route for introgressing Bd into populations, is nothing but dry, and you need your head checked if this is that you picked up from the discussion. I was merely demonstrating that hemp varieties are the varieties fo choice for production of CBD for pharmaceuticals, where they are legally produced today.

Sure you have a knack with some aspects of the chemistry, however is clearly speculative and theory based with regard to canna, not based in practice- ie claiming GC/MS, HPLC /UPLC are wasteful and unnecessary but your TLC methodology (used without standards, no less) is the tool that does a better job. TLC is semi-quantitative at best, unless you are using a $50,000+ setup, you are going to have a difficult time differentiating between various levels of cannabinoid production, and your system lacks the resolution to conclusively identify certain cannabinoids. Some cannabinoids have very similar UV-spectra, and migrate almost identical distances on TLC plates. As Oliphant also cleverly states, a simple Beam test or Duquenois and Moustapha test can easily detect the presence of CBD, and are simpler and cheaper than TLC...

These claims of your encapsulation, 'biotechnology' experiments etc I find hard to believe, and to me your knowledge is clearly just gained from reading some posts online and a few journal articles. Working professionally in the field, it seems to me you've just said way too many things that are outright bullshit for me to give you any credibility, and frankly your angry, diversionary, condescending tone to everybody who points out your mistakes is really annoying, and for me at least, is not worth the energy to enter into a dialog with you.

The "I'm just a poor med-user working with 300 W of CFLs" claims don't draw any sympathies from me, stop being such a victim. We all have our knocks in life and deal with it and move on. I was functionally blind @ 29, and have dealt with my own health issues too for which cannabis helped/helps incredibly, and it hasn't stopped me from moving ahead, so to hear you make claims like doing small scale extractions for GC/HPLC is illegal under Cali law, or offering advice on the legalities of CBD due to it being a structural analog... it's all just hypothetical musings and opinion, and nobody cares; either way our lawyer disagrees with you, and I'll take his word over yours thanks.

I don't know why some people have to attack others for doing the things they they cannot... I guess it's easier to just say "it can't be done.. it isn't necessary...I know best". I've come to learn that people say it can't be done, or isn't necessary when really for whatever reason they can't do it themselves, and justify their failing/inadequacy/inability by claiming others can't do it either, or if they are, it must be illegal, or wrong somehow. Being so closed minded, no wonder you previously so against cannabis; glad that you are on the CBD-train now only shows there's hope for you yet.
Quit smoking the angry terp, and show some respect to your fellow posters, and maybe you'll do better communicating and getting your message across on these fora.

~~

Oliphant I'm also attempting some work with anther/microspore culture so I'm very interested to hear about your progress, I hope you can expand on your work elsewhere when you feel comfortable doing so.

Respectfully,
-Chimera

 

[Thule]

I have no idea what you guys are arguing about. it seems some people are making a simple thing very complex.

Take a high cbd variety (they grow everywhere! Just pick one!) And cross it to a high thc variety. Voilá! A medicinal 1:1 cbd varety. I've made a few such crosses over the years, they may not be on par with seedbank standards when it comes to flavor or bud density, but an outdoor spot can easily yield enough for personsal use as they can grow real big.

my latest cross is a big autoflowering thc/cbd heavy indica. i hope it can be used to help me sleep and recover from hangovers. cbd protects braincells from alcohol so it's not a bad idea to have a few cbd cookies before going to sleep.

I might sound like a broken record but this is important. The cbd rich wild genepool is a goldmine for anyone with a serious illness, ditchweed is there for anyone to pick for free, there's no need to get seedbanks involved in it! I wish more people realized this, cancer can be supressed, naturally, for free. That's why they're so keen to keep the plant illegal.

Anyways a little less conversation a little more action please, and keep it civil.

 

[SeaMaiden]

Wow! This is so much better now that it's been cleaned up.

Thule, I never knew that CBD, or any compound from cannabis, might offer protection from alcohol.

 

[Thule]

Wow! This is so much better now that it's been cleaned up.

Thule, I never knew that CBD, or any compound from cannabis, might offer protection from alcohol.

Pretty cool isn't it? Cbd is a neuroprotective.

"researchers at the US National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) reported that the administration of the non-psychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) reduced ethanol-induced cell death in the brain by up to 60 percent"

 

[SCF]

Free In Breast Milk!



Cannabinoids, like those found in marijuana, occur naturally in human breast milk
Friday, July 20, 2012 by: Jonathan Benson, staff writer






(NaturalNews) Woven into the fabric of the human body is an intricate system of proteins known as cannabinoid receptors that are specifically designed to process cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), one of the primary active components of marijuana. And it turns out, based on the findings of several major scientific studies, that human breast milk naturally contains many of the same cannabinoids found in marijuana, which are actually extremely vital for proper human development.

Cell membranes in the body are naturally equipped with these cannabinoid receptors which, when activated by cannabinoids and various other nutritive substances, protect cells against viruses, harmful bacteria, cancer, and other malignancies. And human breast milk is an abundant source of endocannabinoids, a specific type of neuromodulatory lipid that basically teaches a newborn child how to eat by stimulating the suckling process.

If it were not for these cannabinoids in breast milk, newborn children would not know how to eat, nor would they necessarily have the desire to eat, which could result in severe malnourishment and even death. Believe it or not, the process is similar to how adult individuals who smoke pot get the "munchies," as newborn children who are breastfed naturally receive doses of cannabinoids that trigger hunger and promote growth and development.

"[E]ndocannabinoids have been detected in maternal milk and activation of CB1 (cannabinoid receptor type 1) receptors appears to be critical for milk sucking ... apparently activating oral-motor musculature," says the abstract of a 2004 study on the endocannabinoid receptor system that was published in the European Journal of Pharmacology.

"The medical implications of these novel developments are far reaching and suggest a promising future for cannabinoids in pediatric medicine for conditions including 'non-organic failure-to-thrive' and cystic fibrosis."

Studies on cannabinoids in breast milk help further demystify the truth about marijuana

There are two types of cannabinoid receptors in the body -- the CB1 variety which exists in the brain, and the CB2 variety which exists in the immune system and throughout the rest of the body. Each one of these receptors responds to cannabinoids, whether it be from human breast milk in children, or from juiced marijuana, for instance, in adults.

This essentially means that the human body was built for cannabinoids, as these nutritive substances play a critical role in protecting cells against disease, boosting immune function, protecting the brain and nervous system, and relieving pain and disease-causing inflammation, among other things. And because science is finally catching up in discovering how this amazing cannabinoid system works, the stigma associated with marijuana use is, thankfully, in the process of being eliminated.

In another study on the endocannabinoids published in the journal Pharmacological Reviews back in 2006, researchers from the Laboratory of Physiologic Studies at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism uncovered even more about the benefits of cannabinoids. These include their ability to promote proper energy metabolism and appetite regulation, treat metabolic disorders, treat multiple sclerosis, and prevent neurodegeneration, among many other conditions.

With literally thousands of published studies now showing their safety and usefulness, cannabinoids, and particularly marijuana from which it is largely derived, truly are a health-promoting "super" nutrient with virtually unlimited potential in health promotion and disease prevention.

Be sure to check out how juicing raw marijuana leaves, which contain a diverse array of health-promoting cannabinoids, is an excellent non-psychoactive way to prevent and treat a host of diseases, including cancer: http://www.naturalnews.com/035759_cannabis_juicing_health.html

Sources for this article include:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299904007423

http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/58/3/389.full

http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/58/3/389.full#title49

http://www.whattoexpect.com

http://bioteaching.wordpress.com/2011/03/15/cannabinoids-and-cannabis/


Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/036526_cannabinoids_breast_milk_THC.html#ixzz2DXuR72Yg

 

[SeaMaiden]

The bummer is this--I no longer lactate.

 

[SCF]

there are so many mothers that donate. I think what we will find. Is Cannabinoids are in EVERYTHING, or lets say, a lot more things than we thought. Including Fruits, and foods we eat.

 

[Sam_Skunkman]

I know you did not write this but the author is mixed up.
Do you understand the difference between endocannabinoids and Cannabinoids? Receptors are for the endocannbinoids found in humans, the Cannabinoids just fit into the receptors. Cannabinoids are not found in breast milk unless the mom was exposed to Cannabis.
Cannabinoids are not found in anything besides Cannabis.

-SamS

Free In Breast Milk!



Cannabinoids, like those found in marijuana, occur naturally in human breast milk
Friday, July 20, 2012 by: Jonathan Benson, staff writer






(NaturalNews) Woven into the fabric of the human body is an intricate system of proteins known as cannabinoid receptors that are specifically designed to process cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), one of the primary active components of marijuana. And it turns out, based on the findings of several major scientific studies, that human breast milk naturally contains many of the same cannabinoids found in marijuana, which are actually extremely vital for proper human development.

Cell membranes in the body are naturally equipped with these cannabinoid receptors which, when activated by cannabinoids and various other nutritive substances, protect cells against viruses, harmful bacteria, cancer, and other malignancies. And human breast milk is an abundant source of endocannabinoids, a specific type of neuromodulatory lipid that basically teaches a newborn child how to eat by stimulating the suckling process.

If it were not for these cannabinoids in breast milk, newborn children would not know how to eat, nor would they necessarily have the desire to eat, which could result in severe malnourishment and even death. Believe it or not, the process is similar to how adult individuals who smoke pot get the "munchies," as newborn children who are breastfed naturally receive doses of cannabinoids that trigger hunger and promote growth and development.

"[E]ndocannabinoids have been detected in maternal milk and activation of CB1 (cannabinoid receptor type 1) receptors appears to be critical for milk sucking ... apparently activating oral-motor musculature," says the abstract of a 2004 study on the endocannabinoid receptor system that was published in the European Journal of Pharmacology.

"The medical implications of these novel developments are far reaching and suggest a promising future for cannabinoids in pediatric medicine for conditions including 'non-organic failure-to-thrive' and cystic fibrosis."

Studies on cannabinoids in breast milk help further demystify the truth about marijuana

There are two types of cannabinoid receptors in the body -- the CB1 variety which exists in the brain, and the CB2 variety which exists in the immune system and throughout the rest of the body. Each one of these receptors responds to cannabinoids, whether it be from human breast milk in children, or from juiced marijuana, for instance, in adults.

This essentially means that the human body was built for cannabinoids, as these nutritive substances play a critical role in protecting cells against disease, boosting immune function, protecting the brain and nervous system, and relieving pain and disease-causing inflammation, among other things. And because science is finally catching up in discovering how this amazing cannabinoid system works, the stigma associated with marijuana use is, thankfully, in the process of being eliminated.

In another study on the endocannabinoids published in the journal Pharmacological Reviews back in 2006, researchers from the Laboratory of Physiologic Studies at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism uncovered even more about the benefits of cannabinoids. These include their ability to promote proper energy metabolism and appetite regulation, treat metabolic disorders, treat multiple sclerosis, and prevent neurodegeneration, among many other conditions.

With literally thousands of published studies now showing their safety and usefulness, cannabinoids, and particularly marijuana from which it is largely derived, truly are a health-promoting "super" nutrient with virtually unlimited potential in health promotion and disease prevention.

Be sure to check out how juicing raw marijuana leaves, which contain a diverse array of health-promoting cannabinoids, is an excellent non-psychoactive way to prevent and treat a host of diseases, including cancer: http://www.naturalnews.com/035759_cannabis_juicing_health.html

Sources for this article include:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299904007423

http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/58/3/389.full

http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/58/3/389.full#title49

http://www.whattoexpect.com

http://bioteaching.wordpress.com/2011/03/15/cannabinoids-and-cannabis/


Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/036526_cannabinoids_breast_milk_THC.html#ixzz2DXuR72Yg

 

[SCF]

Sam, from what i understand, yes,

The most important line was this:

human breast milk is an abundant source of endocannabinoids, a specific type of neuromodulatory lipid that basically teaches a newborn child how to eat by stimulating the suckling process."

where they mention the specific Endocannabinoid, which is Neuromodulatory Lipid.


The endocannabinoid system refers to a group of neuromodulatory lipids and their receptors that are involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory; it mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabis and, broadly speaking, includes:

The endogenous arachidonate-based lipids, anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); these are known as "endocannabinoids" and are physiological ligands for the cannabinoid receptors. Endocannabinoids are all eicosanoids. [1]
The enzymes that synthesize and degrade the endocannabinoids, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase or monoacylglycerol lipase.
The cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, two G protein-coupled receptors that are located in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

And the correlation between Cannabanoids and Endocannabanoids is


Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that activate cannabinoid receptors. These include the endocannabinoids (produced naturally in the body by humans and animals),[1] the phytocannabinoids (found in cannabis and some other plants), and synthetic cannabinoids (produced chemically by humans). The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound of cannabis.[2][3] However, there are known to exist numerous other cannabinoids with varied effects.

Synthetic cannabinoids encompass a variety of distinct chemical classes: the classical cannabinoids structurally related to THC, the nonclassical cannabinoids (cannabimimetics) including the aminoalkylindoles, 1,5-diarylpyrazoles, quinolines, and arylsulphonamides, as well as eicosanoids related to the endocannabinoids.

What a Eicosandoid you ask?

In biochemistry, eicosanoids (preferred IUPAC name icosanoids) are signaling molecules made by oxidation of twenty-carbon essential fatty acids, (EFAs)

There are four families of eicosanoids—the prostaglandins, prostacyclins, the thromboxanes and the leukotrienes. For each, there are two or three separate series, derived either from an ω-3 or ω-6 EFA. These series' different activities largely explain the health effects of ω-3 and ω-6 fats

Eicosanoids derive from either omega-3 (ω-3) or omega-6 (ω-6) EFAs. The ω-6 eicosanoids are generally pro-inflammatory; ω-3s are much less so. The amounts and balance of these fats in a person's diet will affect the body's eicosanoid-controlled functions, with effects on cardiovascular disease, triglycerides, blood pressure, and arthritis. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and other NSAIDs act by downregulating eicosanoid synthesis.

What are the 4 Eicosanoids you ask?

A prostaglandin is any member of a group of lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body. Every prostaglandin contains 20 carbon atoms, including a 5-carbon ring.

They are mediators and have a variety of strong physiological effects, such as regulating the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue.

Prostacyclin (or PGI2) is a member of the family of lipid molecules known as eicosanoids. It inhibits platelet activation and is also an effective vasodilator.

As a drug, it is also known as "epoprostenol"

ok im stone and lost track of the last two. but i think i made. A point. i know a lot of this is hard to understand. and is VERY confusing.

 

[danut]

The cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, two G protein-coupled receptors that are located in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Which may overlook what may turn out to be the most important receptor GPR55. Activated by THCa but not THC.

Why isn't Oxytocin, the bonding hormone, recognized as a cannabinoid? That's an important hormone that is abundant in the first wave of mothers milk also.

 

[village green]

Which may overlook what may turn out to be the most important receptor GPR55. Activated by THCa but not THC.

Why isn't Oxytocin, the bonding hormone, recognized as a cannabinoid? That's an important hormone that is abundant in the first wave of mothers milk also.

I read a few months ago about research that found that humans and dogs experience the oxytocin release when dogs are being petted.

 

[danut]

I read a few months ago about research that found that humans and dogs experience the oxytocin release when dogs are being petted.

It functions through a G-protein coupled receptor. The Oxyticin receptor. A chemical signal that aids the bonding process between mother and child. The highest concentration in the mother is during labor.

High concentrations of the receptor are in the digestive tract.

 

[SCF]

Which may overlook what may turn out to be the most important receptor GPR55. Activated by THCa but not THC.

Why isn't Oxytocin, the bonding hormone, recognized as a cannabinoid? That's an important hormone that is abundant in the first wave of mothers milk also.

Just to clarify. and help us understand a little more. put the puzzle together.

Entrez Gene summary for GPR55:
Members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) family, such as GPR55, play important roles in signal transduction from
the external environment to the inside of the cell (Sawzdargo et al., 1999 (PubMed 9931487)).(supplied by OMIM, Apr
2008)

Also noted for GPR55:

GPR55 receptors are non-CB1/CB2 receptors that exhibit affinity for endogenous, plant and synthetic
cannabinoids. Originally designated an orphan receptor, GPR55 is now thought to be a functional receptor
mediating the effects of ligands known to be inactive at CB1 and CB2, e.g. palmitoylethanolamide. GPR55
couples to Galpha13 and can mediate activation of the small G proteins rhoA, cdc42 and rac1. GPR55 mRNA is
expressed in the brain, most abundantly in the caudate nucleus and putamen, with lesser levels in the
hippocampus, thalamus, pons, cerebellum and frontal cortex. Peripherally, GPR55 mRNA is present in the
spleen, adrenals and parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Putative physiological roles of GPR55 include pain
signaling, control of vascular tone and inflammation. The human GPR55 receptor gene is localized to
chromosome 2q36.3.

Which is why it protects Cells, and healthy cells, including the study from Drinking. Alcohol use creates certain brain cells Die, Cannabis has been found to allow these to Detach and allow new ones to Regenerate. Reversing the effects done from damage. And several other studies, including Seazure patients. Science rules.

Classically, vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) receptors were defined on the basis of the second messenger system coupled to the receptors and the affinity of a series of AVP and OT analogues with enhanced selectivity for a certain receptor type. These classification criteria have led to the distinction of vasopressin V1a, V1b and V2 and oxytocin receptors. Recent reports on novel vasopressin analogues that exhibit selective vasodepressor agonistic activity suggest the presence of an as yet uncharacterized new vasopressin receptor, as well. Molecular cloning of this family has confirmed that vasopressin/oxytocin receptor subtypes are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Several vasopressin agonists have been developed that may be of potential therapeutic interest. AVP analogues combining high vasopressor potency and specificity with long-acting effects could be of clinical value in hemorrhage and circulatory disorders like hypertension. AVP and OT antagonists have been widely used as pharmacological tools in studies on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of AVP and OT and in receptor localization and characterization studies. While potent and selective V1a, V2 and OT antagonists have been developed, there is still a significant need for potent and selective V1b antagonists. In the future, data will undoubtedly emerge from structure-activity relationships which have been greatly facilitated by the use of human receptors expressed in heterologous systems.

© Prous Science. All rights reserved.

hmm i think i need to start a library for these words... Scientific Terms. Peace and thanks for thinking.

 

[SeaMaiden]

A glossary would be helpful for people like myself, SCF.

 

[village green]

A glossary would be helpful for people like myself, SCF.

...especially for us gloss-over folks,,,

 

[G.O. Joe]

Wow! This is so much better now that it's been cleaned up.

"researchers at the US National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) reported that the administration of the non-psychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) reduced ethanol-induced cell death in the brain by up to 60 percent"

http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/314/2/780.full.pdf